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Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            We present a novel method for producing convincing pictures of shaded objects based entirely on 2D image operations. This approach, which we call\n            <jats:italic>image-based shading design<\/jats:italic>\n            , offers direct artistic control in the picture plane by deforming image primitives so that they appear to conform to specific 3D shapes. Using a differential analysis of reflected radiance, we identify the two types of\n            <jats:italic>surface flows<\/jats:italic>\n            involved in the depiction of shaded objects, which are consistent with recent perceptual studies. 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