{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T02:16:22Z","timestamp":1768529782064,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]],"date-time":"2012-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000183","name":"Army Research Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W911NF-08-1-0105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF-08-1-0105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000183","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CAREER-04477610910767"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAREER-04477610910767"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. Secur."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Audit logs are an integral part of modern computer systems due to their forensic value. Protecting audit logs on a physically unprotected machine in hostile environments is a challenging task, especially in the presence of active adversaries. It is critical for such a system to have\n            <jats:italic>forward security<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>append-only<\/jats:italic>\n            properties such that when an adversary compromises a logging machine, she cannot forge or selectively delete the log entries accumulated before the compromise. Existing public-key-based secure logging schemes are computationally costly. Existing symmetric secure logging schemes are not publicly verifiable and open to certain attacks.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            In this article, we develop a new forward-secure and aggregate signature scheme called\n            <jats:italic>Blind-Aggregate-Forward (BAF)<\/jats:italic>\n            , which is suitable for secure logging in resource-constrained systems. BAF is the only cryptographic secure logging scheme that can produce publicly verifiable, forward-secure and aggregate signatures with\n            <jats:italic>low computation, key\/signature storage, and signature communication overheads for the loggers, without requiring any online trusted third party support<\/jats:italic>\n            . A simple variant of BAF also allows a fine-grained verification of log entries without compromising the security or computational efficiency of BAF. We prove that our schemes are secure in Random Oracle Model (ROM). We also show that they are significantly more efficient than all the previous publicly verifiable cryptographic secure logging schemes.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2240276.2240280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]],"date-time":"2012-08-01T17:35:16Z","timestamp":1343842516000},"page":"1-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["BAF and FI-BAF"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Attila A.","family":"Yavuz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael K.","family":"Reiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Advances in Crpytology (ASIACRYPT\u201900)","author":"Abdalla M."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Public Key Cryptography for the Financial Services Industry: The Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA)","author":"American Bankers Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Information Security Conference (ISC\u201901)","author":"Anagnostopoulos A."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOMW.2007.98"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Advances in Crpytology (CRYPTO\u201999)","author":"Bellare M."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/168588.168596"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Bellare M. and Rogaway P. 2005. Introduction to Modern Cryptography 1st Ed. Bellare M. and Rogaway P. 2005. Introduction to Modern Cryptography 1st Ed."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Bellare M. and Yee B. S. 1997. Forward integrity for secure audit logs. Tech. rep. San Diego CA USA. Bellare M. and Yee B. S. 1997. Forward integrity for secure audit logs. Tech. rep. San Diego CA USA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Cryptographers Track at the RSA Conference (CT-RSA\u201903)","author":"Bellare M."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1315245.1315280"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/S0097539701398521"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 22th International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques (EUROCRYPT\u201903)","author":"Boneh D."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th IFIP International Information Security Conference. 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Guide to Elliptic Curve Cryptography . Springer."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th Australasian Workshops on Grid Computing and e-Research (ACSW\u201906)","author":"Holt J. 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Handbook of Applied Cryptography. CRC Press. ISBN: 0-8493-8523-7. Menezes A. van Oorschot P. C. and Vanstone S. 1996. Handbook of Applied Cryptography . CRC Press. ISBN: 0-8493-8523-7."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1244002.1244065"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th European Symposium on Research in Computer Security (ESORICS\u201904)","author":"Mykletun E."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th European Symposium on Research in Computer Security (ESORICS\u201909)","author":"Oprea A."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1455770.1455826"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th Conference on USENIX Security Symposium. 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