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Emerg. Technol. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Potential applications of digital microfluidic (DMF) biochips now include several areas of real-life applications like environmental monitoring, water and air pollutant detection, and food processing to name a few. In order to achieve sufficiently high throughput for these applications, several instances of the same bioassay may be required to be executed concurrently on different samples. As a straightforward implementation, several identical biochips can be integrated on a single substrate as a\n            <jats:italic>multichip<\/jats:italic>\n            to execute the assay for various samples concurrently. Controlling individual electrodes of such a chip by independent pins may not be acceptable since it increases the cost of fabrication. Thus, in order to keep the overall pin-count within an acceptable bound, all the respective electrodes of these individual pieces are connected internally underneath the chip so that they can be controlled with a single external control pin. In this article, we present an orientation strategy for layout of a multichip that reduces routing congestion and consequently facilitates wire routing for the electrode array. The electrode structure of the individual pieces of the multichip may be either direct-addressable or pin-constrained. The method also supports a hierarchical approach to wire routing that ensures scalability. In this scheme, the size of the biochip in terms of the total number of electrodes may be increased by a factor of four by increasing the number of routing layers by only one. In general, for a multichip with 4\n            <jats:italic>\n              <jats:sup>n<\/jats:sup>\n            <\/jats:italic>\n            identical blocks, (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            + 1) layers are sufficient for wire routing.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2287696.2287700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,21]],"date-time":"2012-08-21T13:06:30Z","timestamp":1345554390000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Congestion-aware layout design for high-throughput digital microfluidic biochips"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Sudip","family":"Roy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Debasis","family":"Mitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bhargab B.","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krishnendu","family":"Chakrabarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University, Durham, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200802244"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-009-9366-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4000077"},{"volume-title":"Automatic Methods of Analysis","author":"Cases M. 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In Technical Digest of the IEEE International Electronic Devices Meeting (IEDM'03). 32.5.1--32.5.4."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10404-007-0164-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-003-2435-7"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS'05)","author":"Gong J.","key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Gong , J. and Kim , C . -J. 2005. Two-Dimensional digital microfluidic system by multi-layer printed circuit board . In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS'05) . 726--729. Gong, J. and Kim, C.-J. 2005. Two-Dimensional digital microfluidic system by multi-layer printed circuit board. 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