{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T06:13:17Z","timestamp":1775283197360,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]],"date-time":"2012-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Inf. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Spoken term detection (STD) is a key technology for spoken information retrieval. As compared to the conventional speech transcription and keyword spotting, STD is an open-vocabulary task and has to address out-of-vocabulary (OOV) terms. Approaches based on subword units, for example phones, are widely used to solve the OOV issue; however, performance on OOV terms is still substantially inferior to that of in-vocabulary (INV) terms. The performance degradation on OOV terms can be attributed to a multitude of factors. One particular factor we address in this article is the unreliable confidence estimation caused by weak acoustic and language modeling due to the absence of OOV terms in the training corpora. We propose a direct posterior confidence derived from a discriminative model, such as multilayer perceptron (MLP). The new confidence considers a wide-range acoustic context which is usually important for speech recognition and retrieval; moreover, it localizes on detected speech segments and therefore avoids the impact of long-span word context which is usually unreliable for OOV term detection.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In this article, we first develop an extensive discussion about the modeling weakness problem associated with OOV terms, and then propose our approach to address this problem based on direct poster confidence. Our experiments carried out on spontaneous and conversational multiparty meeting speech, demonstrate that the proposed technique provides a significant improvement in STD performance as compared to conventional lattice-based confidence, in particular for OOV terms. Furthermore, the new confidence estimation approach is fused with other advanced techniques for OOV treatment, such as stochastic pronunciation modeling and discriminative confidence normalization. This leads to an integrated solution for OOV term detection that results in a large performance improvement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2328967.2328969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,11]],"date-time":"2012-09-11T22:21:06Z","timestamp":1347402066000},"page":"1-34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Direct posterior confidence for out-of-vocabulary spoken term detection"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Dong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuance Communications, Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joe","family":"Frankel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ravichander","family":"Vipperla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EURECOM, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EURECOM, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rapha\u00ebl","family":"Troncy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EURECOM, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 3781--3784","author":"Abberley D."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2003.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 5240--5243","author":"Akbacak M."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 929--932","author":"Audhkhasi K."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP).","author":"Bahl L."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech). 819--822","author":"Bergen Z."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP). 775--778","author":"Bernardis G."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech). 933--936","author":"Bisani M."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","volume-title":"Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition","author":"Bishop C. M.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198538493.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning","author":"Bishop C. M."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"InProceedings of the 3rd ESCA Workshop on Speech Synthesis. 77--80","author":"Black A. W."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2009.4960494"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013670312989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (INTERSPEECH-ICSLP).","author":"Chan C."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1961189.1961199"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"InProceedings of the European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech). 815--818","author":"Chase L.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech).","author":"Chen S. F.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.1996.541145"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007585615670"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002383099704000101"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech).","author":"Deligne S."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP). 10--13","author":"Fetter P."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (INTERSPEECH-ICSLP). 1549","author":"Frankel J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 879--882","author":"Gillick L."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11965152_37"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the DARPA Workshop on Broadcast News Transcription and Understanding. 175--181","author":"Hauptmann A. G."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 1635--1638","author":"Hermansky H."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP). 1161--1164","author":"Itoh Y.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (INTERSPEECH-ICSLP). 2195--2198","author":"Iwata K."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.1996.540412"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 377--380","author":"James D. A."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (INTERSPEECH-ICSLP).","author":"Jansen A."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (INTERSPEECH-ICSLP). 2149--2152","author":"Jeanrenaud P."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2004.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.1996.541094"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/243199.243208"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (INTERSPEECH-ICSLP). 2067--2070","author":"Junkawitsch J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 1799--1802","author":"Kamppari S. O."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (INTERSPEECH-ICSLP).","author":"Kaneko T."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech). 827--830","author":"Kemp T."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP). 1642--1645","author":"Ketabdar H."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 181--184","author":"Kneser R."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP).","author":"Lee H."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Human Language Technology Research (HLT). 31--35","author":"Logan B."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP). 676--679","author":"Logan B."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2005.854429"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/csla.1996.0009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1076034.1076098"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (INTERSPEECH-ICSLP). 2106--2109","author":"Mamou J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1277741.1277847"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/csla.2000.0152"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 899--902","author":"Manos A."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 93--96","author":"Mathan L."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 4345--4348","author":"Meng S."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding (ASRU). 635--640","author":"Meng S."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (INTERSPEECH-ICSLP).","author":"Meng S."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (INTERSPEECH-ICSLP). 314--317","author":"Miller D. R. H."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/79.382443"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (INTERSPEECH-ICSLP).","author":"Motlicek P."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (INTERSPEECH-ICSLP).","author":"Natori S."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 883--886","author":"Neti C. V."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP). 939--942","author":"Ng K.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","volume-title":"The spoken term detection (STD) 2006 evaluation plan 10 Ed"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1571941.1571959"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (INTERSPEECH-ICSLP).","author":"Parada C."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 5244--5247","author":"Parlak S."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval. 28--33","author":"Pinto J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 105--108","author":"Povey D."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 285--288","author":"Rahim M. G."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/89.568733"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.1996.541146"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 627--630","author":"Rohlicek J. R."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 281--284","author":"Rose R. C."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 129--132","author":"Rose R. C."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies. 129--136","author":"Saraclar M."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 875--878","author":"Schaaf T."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Intelligent Multimedia Information Retrieval (IJCAI). 59--69","author":"Sch\u00e4uble P."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (INTERSPEECH-ICSLP).","author":"Schneider D."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","volume-title":"InProceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 253--256","author":"Seide F."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP). 602--605","author":"Setlur A. R."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the NIST Spoken Term Detection Workshop (STD).","author":"Shafran Z."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition Understanding (ASRU).","author":"Silaghi M.-C.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/csla.1999.0126"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (INTERSPEECH-ICSLP). 831--834","author":"Siu M."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","unstructured":"Sproat R. Baker J. Jansche M. Ramabhadran B. Riley M. Sarac\u00b8 Lar M. Sethy A. Wolfe P. Khudanpur S. Ghoshal A. Hollingshead K. White C. Qian T. Cooper E. and Ulinski M. 2008. Multilingual spoken term detection: Finding and testing new pronunciations. Tech. Rep. Johns Hopkins University. Sproat R. Baker J. Jansche M. Ramabhadran B. Riley M. Sarac\u00b8 Lar M. Sethy A. Wolfe P. Khudanpur S. Ghoshal A. Hollingshead K. White C. Qian T. Cooper E. and Ulinski M. 2008. Multilingual spoken term detection: Finding and testing new pronunciations. Tech. Rep. Johns Hopkins University."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/345508.345552"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP). 1153--1156","author":"Sudoh K."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.1998.674409"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/89.544527"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.1996.541147"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 451--454","author":"Sukkar R. A."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Spoken Language Technology (SLT). 273--276","author":"Sz\u00f6ke I."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Speech Search Workshop at SIGIR (SSCS).","author":"Sz\u00f6ke I.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the NIST Spoken Term Detection Evaluation Workshop (STD). National Institute of Standards and Technology","author":"Sz\u00f6ke I.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_1","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","volume-title":"Machine Learning for Multimodal Interaction","author":"Sz\u00f6ke I."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_98_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (INTERSPEECH-ICSLP). 633--636","author":"Sz\u00f6ke I.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_99_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (INTERSPEECH-ICSLP). 1973--1976","author":"Taylor P.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1878101.1878106"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_101_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (INTERSPEECH-ICSLP). 2131--2134","author":"Tejedor J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_102_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 465--468","author":"Thambiratnam K."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1946943.1946999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1277741.1277849"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_105_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (INTERSPEECH-ICSLP). 2393--2396","author":"Vergyri D."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_106_1","volume-title":"The SRI 2006 spoken term detection system. In Proceedings of the NIST Spoken Term Detection Workshop (STD).","author":"Vergyri D."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_107_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP).","author":"Wallace R."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_108_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (INTERSPEECH-ICSLP). 2385--2388","author":"Wallace R."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_110_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP).","author":"Wang D."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_111_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 4969--4972","author":"Wang D."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1878101.1878107"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_113_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (INTERSPEECH-ICSLP). 2135--2138","author":"Wang D."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASL.2010.2058800"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_115_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (INTERSPEECH-ICSLP). 2139--2142","author":"Wang D."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2009.4960727"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang D. Tejedor J. King S. and Frankel J. 2011b. Term-dependent confidence normalisation for out-of-vocabulary spoken term detection. EURECOM. (Submitted to J. Comput. Sci. Techno.) Wang D. Tejedor J. King S. and Frankel J. 2011b. Term-dependent confidence normalisation for out-of-vocabulary spoken term detection. EURECOM. (Submitted to J. Comput. Sci. Techno.)","DOI":"10.1007\/s11390-012-1228-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_118_1","volume-title":"The Decay of Public Language","author":"Watson D."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/290941.290950"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.1995.479532"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_121_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 887--890","author":"Weintraub M."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_122_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 225--228","author":"Wessel F."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/89.906002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/csla.1999.0129"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/263690.263779"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_126_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP).","author":"Woodland G. E. P.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/345508.345661"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_128_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 745--748","author":"Yazgan A."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.1994.389728"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_130_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP). 293--296","author":"Yu P."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/89.260358"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_132_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech). 2105--2108","author":"Zhang R."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Information Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2328967.2328969","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2328967.2328969","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T20:01:10Z","timestamp":1750276870000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2328967.2328969"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"references-count":129,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2328967.2328969"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2328967.2328969","relation":{},"ISSN":["1046-8188","1558-2868"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1046-8188","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-2868","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2011-03-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-02-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-09-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}