{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T06:58:02Z","timestamp":1775199482201,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]],"date-time":"2012-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Comput. Surv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The fundamental goal of virtual worlds is to provide users with the illusion that they are all seeing and interacting with each other in a consistent world. State melding is the core of creating this illusion of a shared reality. It includes two major parts: consistency maintenance and state update dissemination. Well-designed state melding technologies are also critical for developing a virtual world that can scale to a large number of concurrent users and provide satisfying user experiences. In this article, we present a taxonomy of consistency models and categorization of state update dissemination technologies for virtual worlds. To connect theories and practices, we then apply the taxonomy to case study several state-of-the-art virtual worlds. We also discuss challenges and promising solutions of state melding in large-scale virtual worlds. This survey aims to provide a thorough understanding of existing approaches and their strength and limitations and to assist in developing solutions to improve scalability and performance of virtual worlds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2333112.2333116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,11]],"date-time":"2012-09-11T22:21:06Z","timestamp":1347402066000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Survey of state melding in virtual worlds"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Huaiyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Intel Labs, Intel Corporation"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mic","family":"Bowman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intel Labs, Intel Corporation"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Portland State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/293701.293717"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Distributed Algorithms (WDAG'91)","volume":"579","author":"Ahamad M."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/964725.633045"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium, 204--213","author":"Barrus J. W."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (ECSCW'93)","author":"Benford S."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/258549.258588"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Bernstein P. A. Hadzilacos V. and Goodman N. 1987. Concurrency Control and Recovery in Database Systems Addison-Wesley Boston MA.   Bernstein P. A. Hadzilacos V. and Goodman N. 1987. Concurrency Control and Recovery in Database Systems Addison-Wesley Boston MA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Blackman T. and Waldo J. 2009. Scalable data storage in Project Darkstar. Tech. rep. UMI order number: SERIES13103. Sun Microsystems Inc.  Blackman T. and Waldo J. 2009. Scalable data storage in Project Darkstar. Tech. rep. UMI order number: SERIES13103. Sun Microsystems Inc."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"129","article-title":"The auditory consistency in distributed music performance: A conductor based synchronization","volume":"13","author":"Bouillot N.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Inf. Sci. Decision Making"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1031154.1031156"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1230040.1230069"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Network & System Support for Games.","author":"Brandt D. H.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"CSTR 2008-02","author":"Chaudhuri S."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/566500.566510"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.2006.15.2.218"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"DoD. 1998. U.S. Department of Defense High Level Architecture Interface Specification Version 1.3.  DoD. 1998. U.S. Department of Defense High Level Architecture Interface Specification Version 1.3."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/67544.66963"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/566500.566503"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/199404.199418"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/324138.324176"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference.","volume":"1","author":"Fujimoto R. M.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MMCS.1998.693647"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-1846\/5\/3\/006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/351006.351027"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Austin Game Developers Conference (Austin GDC'08)","author":"Gu","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDE.2009.228"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2009.54"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"CSTR 2010-01","author":"Horn D."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"IEEE. 1993. IEEE standard for information technology\u2014protocols for distributed simulation applications: Entity information and interaction. IEEE Standard 1278--1993. IEEE Computer Society New York NY.  IEEE. 1993. IEEE standard for information technology\u2014protocols for distributed simulation applications: Entity information and interaction. IEEE Standard 1278--1993. IEEE Computer Society New York NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3916.3988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-585-29603-6_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8191(96)00074-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Austin Game Developers Conference (Austin GDC'2007)","author":"Keating T.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th Annual Workshop on Network and Systems Support for Games (NetGames'10)","author":"Lake D."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/359545.359563"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.1979.1675439"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DS-RT.2010.14"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference, 778--790","author":"Liu H."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MMCS.1999.778434"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/38.403826"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SPIE Multimedia Computing and Networking (MMCN).","author":"Mauve M.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/358916.358989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"Moss E. 1985. Nested transactions: An approach to reliable distributed computing. The MIT Press Cambridge MA 31--38.   Moss E. 1985. Nested transactions: An approach to reliable distributed computing. The MIT Press Cambridge MA 31--38."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/143457.143524"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2007.131"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NCA.2008.33"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","first-page":"1029","article-title":"Delayed consistency model for distributed interactive systems with real-time continuous dedia","volume":"13","author":"Qin X.","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Softw."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Communications (InfoCom'94)","author":"Ramjee R."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science, P. S. Thiagarajan, Ed. Lecture Notes in Compouter Science","volume":"1026","author":"Raynal M."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ISCA 12th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing (PDCS'96)","author":"Raynal M."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd Euromicro Conference: New Frontiers of Information Technology (Euromicro'97)","author":"Raynal M."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","unstructured":"Reed D. P. 2005. TeaTime: Designing the architectural framework for Croquet. http:\/\/atsosxdev.doit.wisc.edu\/croquet2\/about_croquet\/papers.html.  Reed D. P. 2005. TeaTime: Designing the architectural framework for Croquet. http:\/\/atsosxdev.doit.wisc.edu\/croquet2\/about_croquet\/papers.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","unstructured":"Roberts D. J. 1996. A predictive real time architecture for multi-user distributed virtual reality. Ph.D. dissertation University of Reading.  Roberts D. J. 1996. A predictive real time architecture for multi-user distributed virtual reality. Ph.D. dissertation University of Reading."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computational Cybernetics and Simulation. 4492--4497","author":"Roberts D. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"AWG: State melding exploration","author":"Ki","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","unstructured":"Singhal S. K. 1997. Effective remote modeling in large-scale distributed simulation and visualization environments. Ph.D. dissertation. Stanford University Stanford CA. UMI order No. GAX97-14191.   Singhal S. K. 1997. Effective remote modeling in large-scale distributed simulation and visualization environments. Ph.D. dissertation. Stanford University Stanford CA. UMI order No. GAX97-14191."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS'96)","author":"Singhal S. K."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","unstructured":"Singhal S. and Zyda M. 1999. Networked Virtual Environments. ACM Press\/Addison-Wesley New York NY.   Singhal S. and Zyda M. 1999. Networked Virtual Environments. ACM Press\/Addison-Wesley New York NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Creating, Connecting and Collaborating through Computing.","author":"Smith D. A."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","unstructured":"Smith D. A. Raab A. Reed D. P. and Kay A. 2005. Hedgehog architecture. http:\/\/atsosxdev.doit.wisc.edu\/croquet2\/about_croquet\/papers.html.  Smith D. A. Raab A. Reed D. P. and Kay A. 2005. Hedgehog architecture. http:\/\/atsosxdev.doit.wisc.edu\/croquet2\/about_croquet\/papers.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/174134.158473"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS'00)","author":"Sun C."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/301308.301350"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","volume-title":"Engage Digital","author":"NEWS.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1378704.1378716"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/176575.176576"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/974734.974736"}],"container-title":["ACM Computing Surveys"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2333112.2333116","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2333112.2333116","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T09:21:06Z","timestamp":1750238466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2333112.2333116"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2333112.2333116"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2333112.2333116","relation":{},"ISSN":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0360-0300","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7341","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2009-04-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2011-03-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-09-07","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}