{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T22:58:16Z","timestamp":1776121096327,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":61,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,13]],"date-time":"2010-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1292198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,13]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/2369220.2369241","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,12]],"date-time":"2012-09-12T13:01:27Z","timestamp":1347454887000},"page":"1-9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Beyond strict illiteracy"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Indrani","family":"Medhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research India, Sadashivnagar, Bangalore, India"}]},{"given":"S. Raghu","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research India, Sadashivnagar, Bangalore, India"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Cutrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research India, Sadashivnagar, Bangalore, India"}]},{"given":"Kentaro","family":"Toyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Adult Literacy Supplemental Assessment (ALSA): http:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/naal\/alsa.asp  Adult Literacy Supplemental Assessment (ALSA): http:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/naal\/alsa.asp"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"CASAS (Comprehensive Adult Student Assessment Systems) https:\/\/www.casas.org\/home\/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.showContent&MapID=198  CASAS (Comprehensive Adult Student Assessment Systems) https:\/\/www.casas.org\/home\/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.showContent&MapID=198"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Fluency Addition to NAAL (FAN): http:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/naal\/fluency.asp  Fluency Addition to NAAL (FAN): http:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/naal\/fluency.asp"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Literacy and Basic Skills (LBS) assessment tool from the National Adult Literacy Database (NALD) Canada. http:\/\/www.nald.ca\/library\/learning\/learncha\/learncha.pdf  Literacy and Basic Skills (LBS) assessment tool from the National Adult Literacy Database (NALD) Canada. http:\/\/www.nald.ca\/library\/learning\/learncha\/learncha.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL) (http:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/naal\/index.asp)  National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL) (http:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/naal\/index.asp)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"National Literacy Mission (NLM): http:\/\/www.nlm.nic.in\/unesco_nlm.htm  National Literacy Mission (NLM): http:\/\/www.nlm.nic.in\/unesco_nlm.htm"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO): http:\/\/www.literacy.org\/products\/ili\/pdf\/LAPIndiaApp_all.pdf  National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO): http:\/\/www.literacy.org\/products\/ili\/pdf\/LAPIndiaApp_all.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Samaj Pragati Sahayog: http:\/\/samprag.org\/  Samaj Pragati Sahayog: http:\/\/samprag.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Test of Adult Basic Education (TABE) (http:\/\/www.studyguidezone.com\/tabetest.htm)  Test of Adult Basic Education (TABE) (http:\/\/www.studyguidezone.com\/tabetest.htm)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"Video for Development website: http:\/\/video.cta.int\/  Video for Development website: http:\/\/video.cta.int\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1596\/0-8213-5493-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2626(89)90015-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of human behaviour, 71--81 New York","author":"Bandura A.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bandura , A. Self -efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behaviour, 71--81 New York , NY : Academic Press , 2005 . Bandura, A. Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behaviour, 71--81 New York, NY: Academic Press, 2005."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"JAAR LXIV\/1 Presented at the School of Oriental and African Studies Post-Graduate Seminar, December","author":"Bhogal B. S.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bhogal , B. S. Discussion about orality and literacy based on Murray Jardine's Sight, sound, and epistemology: the experiential sources of ethical concepts , JAAR LXIV\/1 Presented at the School of Oriental and African Studies Post-Graduate Seminar, December ( 1996 ). Bhogal, B. S. Discussion about orality and literacy based on Murray Jardine's Sight, sound, and epistemology: the experiential sources of ethical concepts, JAAR LXIV\/1 Presented at the School of Oriental and African Studies Post-Graduate Seminar, December (1996)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Maputo","author":"Boyera S.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Boyera , S. The Mobile Web to Bridge the Digital Divide? Paper presented at the IST-Africa Conference 2007 , Maputo , Mozambique , ( 2007 ). Boyera, S. The Mobile Web to Bridge the Digital Divide? Paper presented at the IST-Africa Conference 2007, Maputo, Mozambique, (2007)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1060745.1060747"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ceci S. J. How much does schooling influence general intelligence and its cognitive components? A reassessment of the evidence. Development psychology 27(5) (1991) 703--722.  Ceci S. J. How much does schooling influence general intelligence and its cognitive components? A reassessment of the evidence. Development psychology 27(5) (1991) 703--722.","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.27.5.703"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207590344000240"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.6.1053"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"Chipchase J. Literacy Communication and Design. Paper presented at the UIAH (2006).  Chipchase J. Literacy Communication and Design. Paper presented at the UIAH (2006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Chipchase J.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chipchase , J. ( 2005 ). Understanding Non-Literacy as a Barrier to Mobile Phone Communication . Retrieved September 16, 2008, from http:\/\/research.nokia.com\/bluesky\/non-literacy-001-2005\/index.html Chipchase, J. (2005). Understanding Non-Literacy as a Barrier to Mobile Phone Communication. Retrieved September 16, 2008, from http:\/\/research.nokia.com\/bluesky\/non-literacy-001-2005\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.21.2.333"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01972240802019970"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","first-page":"93","article-title":"A conceptual framework for survival skills in the digital era","volume":"13","author":"Eshet-Alkalai Y.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Eshet-Alkalai , Y. Digital literacy : A conceptual framework for survival skills in the digital era . Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia , 13 ( 1 ), ( 2004 ), 93 -- 106 . Eshet-Alkalai, Y. Digital literacy: A conceptual framework for survival skills in the digital era. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 13(1), (2004), 93--106.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1518971"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"Gandhi R.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gandhi , R. , Veeraraghavan , R. , Toyama , K. , and Ramprasad , V . Digital Green: Participatory Video for Agricultural Extension. Information Technologies & International Development , Vol 5 , Issue 1 , ( 2009 ), pp. 1 -- 15 Gandhi, R., Veeraraghavan, R., Toyama, K., and Ramprasad, V. Digital Green: Participatory Video for Agricultural Extension. Information Technologies & International Development, Vol 5, Issue 1, (2009), pp. 1--15","journal-title":"Digital Green: Participatory Video for Agricultural Extension. Information Technologies & International Development"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Multiple intelligences go to school: Educational implications of the theory of multiple intelligences","volume":"18","author":"Gardner H.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Gardner , H. , & Hatch , T . Multiple intelligences go to school: Educational implications of the theory of multiple intelligences . Educational Researcher , 18 ( 8 ), ( 1989 ), 4 -- 9 . Gardner, H., & Hatch, T. Multiple intelligences go to school: Educational implications of the theory of multiple intelligences. Educational Researcher, 18(8), (1989), 4--9.","journal-title":"Educational Researcher"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/258549.258869"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Transfer of Learning. Cognition, Instruction, and Reasoning","author":"Haskell R. E.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Haskell , R. E. Transfer of Learning. Cognition, Instruction, and Reasoning . San Diego : Academic Press . 2001 . Haskell, R. E. Transfer of Learning. Cognition, Instruction, and Reasoning. San Diego: Academic Press. 2001."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Developing design recommendations for computer interfaces accessible to non-literate users. Master's thesis","author":"Huenerfauth M.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Huenerfauth , M. Developing design recommendations for computer interfaces accessible to non-literate users. Master's thesis , University College Dublin , ( 2002 ). Huenerfauth, M. Developing design recommendations for computer interfaces accessible to non-literate users. Master's thesis, University College Dublin, (2002)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Proc. 9th International World Wide Web Conference","author":"Jones M.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jones , M. , Buchanan , G. , Thimbleby , H. , and Marsden , G . User interfaces for mobile web devices www9 mobile workshop position paper . Proc. 9th International World Wide Web Conference , ( 2000 ). Jones, M., Buchanan, G., Thimbleby, H., and Marsden, G. User interfaces for mobile web devices www9 mobile workshop position paper. Proc. 9th International World Wide Web Conference, (2000)."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","first-page":"67","article-title":"Unorganized Cognitive Structures of Non-literate as the Key Factor in Rural e-Learning Design","volume":"2","author":"Katre D. S","year":"2006","unstructured":"Katre , D. S . Unorganized Cognitive Structures of Non-literate as the Key Factor in Rural e-Learning Design . I-manager's Journal of Education Technology , Vol. 2 , No. 4 , ( 2006 ), 67 -- 72 . Katre, D. S. Unorganized Cognitive Structures of Non-literate as the Key Factor in Rural e-Learning Design. I-manager's Journal of Education Technology, Vol. 2, No. 4, (2006), 67--72.","journal-title":"I-manager's Journal of Education Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","article-title":"Grassroots ICT Projects in India","volume":"31","author":"Keniston K","year":"2002","unstructured":"Keniston , K . Grassroots ICT Projects in India : Some Preliminary Hypotheses. ASCI Journal of Management 31 ( 1&2 ), ( 2002 ). Keniston, K. Grassroots ICT Projects in India: Some Preliminary Hypotheses. ASCI Journal of Management 31 (1&2), (2002).","journal-title":"Some Preliminary Hypotheses. ASCI Journal of Management"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design","author":"Kress G.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kress , G. and Van Leeuwen , T. Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design . London : Routledge . 1996 . Kress, G. and Van Leeuwen, T. Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design. London: Routledge. 1996."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Met ongeletterde ogen. Kennis van taal en schrift van analfabeten. (With non-literate eyes. Knowledge of language and writing of non-literates)","author":"Kurvers J.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kurvers , J. Met ongeletterde ogen. Kennis van taal en schrift van analfabeten. (With non-literate eyes. Knowledge of language and writing of non-literates) . Thesis Tilburg University , ( 2002 ). Kurvers, J. Met ongeletterde ogen. Kennis van taal en schrift van analfabeten. (With non-literate eyes. Knowledge of language and writing of non-literates). Thesis Tilburg University, (2002)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0507-30"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"World literacy: where we stand today- One Billion Non-literates -- editor","author":"Lourie S.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Lourie , S. World literacy: where we stand today- One Billion Non-literates -- editor ial, UNESCO Courier , July, ( 1990 ). Lourie, S. World literacy: where we stand today- One Billion Non-literates -- editorial, UNESCO Courier, July, (1990)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"R","author":"Luria A.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Luria , A. R . Cognitive Development : Its Cultural and Social Foundations. Harvard University Press . 1974 . Luria, A. R. Cognitive Development: Its Cultural and Social Foundations. Harvard University Press. 1974."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.25.5.680.14579"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617700666043"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2227347.2227348"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1518970"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Non-Literate PC Users. IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","author":"Medhi I.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Medhi , I. and Toyama , K . Full-Context Videos for First-Time , Non-Literate PC Users. IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development , Bangalore, India , ( 2007 ). Medhi, I. and Toyama, K. Full-Context Videos for First-Time, Non-Literate PC Users. IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development, Bangalore, India, (2007)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1242572.1242690"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/itid.2007.4.1.37"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/eb045849"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(79)90020-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"Characterizing Literacy: A study of Western and Indian literacy experiences","author":"Narasimhan R.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Narasimhan , R. Characterizing Literacy: A study of Western and Indian literacy experiences . Sage Publications , 2004 . Narasimhan, R. Characterizing Literacy: A study of Western and Indian literacy experiences. Sage Publications, 2004."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203328064","volume-title":"Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word","author":"Ong W.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Ong , W. Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word . 1982 . London : Routledge , 2002. Ong, W. Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. 1982. London: Routledge, 2002."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/765891.766014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/957205.957209"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1124772.1124857"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1125451.1125746"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/brcg.2001.1316"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S135561779700444X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674433014"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","first-page":"35","volume":"5","author":"Sherwani J.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sherwani , J. , Ali . N. , Rose , C. P. , and Rosenfeld , R . Orality-Grounded HCID: Understanding the Oral User. Information Technologies & International Development , Vol 5 , Issue 4 , ( 2009 ), pp. 35 -- 48 . Sherwani, J., Ali. N., Rose, C. P., and Rosenfeld, R. Orality-Grounded HCID: Understanding the Oral User. Information Technologies & International Development, Vol 5, Issue 4, (2009), pp. 35--48.","journal-title":"Orality-Grounded HCID: Understanding the Oral User. Information Technologies & International Development"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTD.2007.4937399"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-70540-6_103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Velkoff V. A.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Velkoff , V. A. ( 2008 ). Women's Education in India . Retrieved September 14, 2009 from http:\/\/www.census.gov\/ipc\/prod\/wid-9801.pdf Velkoff, V. A. (2008). Women's Education in India. Retrieved September 14, 2009 from http:\/\/www.census.gov\/ipc\/prod\/wid-9801.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/506443.506465"}],"event":{"name":"ICTD '10: International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","location":"London United Kingdom","acronym":"ICTD '10"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 4th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2369220.2369241","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2369220.2369241","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T20:14:23Z","timestamp":1750277663000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2369220.2369241"}},"subtitle":["abstracted learning among low-literate users"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,13]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2369220.2369241","10.1145\/2369220"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2369220.2369241","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2010-12-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}