{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T18:50:51Z","timestamp":1785783051906,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]],"date-time":"2012-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002418","name":"Intel Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N10AP20014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N10AP20014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002418","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000185","name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N10AP20014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N10AP20014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000185","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. Secur."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The use of stylometry, authorship recognition through purely linguistic means, has contributed to literary, historical, and criminal investigation breakthroughs. Existing stylometry research assumes that authors have not attempted to disguise their linguistic writing style. We challenge this basic assumption of existing stylometry methodologies and present a new area of research: adversarial stylometry. Adversaries have a devastating effect on the robustness of existing classification methods. Our work presents a framework for creating adversarial passages including\n            <jats:italic>obfuscation<\/jats:italic>\n            , where a subject attempts to hide her identity, and\n            <jats:italic>imitation<\/jats:italic>\n            , where a subject attempts to frame another subject by imitating his writing style, and\n            <jats:italic>translation<\/jats:italic>\n            where original passages are obfuscated with machine translation services. This research demonstrates that manual circumvention methods work very well while automated translation methods are not effective. The obfuscation method reduces the techniques' effectiveness to the level of random guessing and the imitation attempts succeed up to 67% of the time depending on the stylometry technique used. These results are more significant given the fact that experimental subjects were unfamiliar with stylometry, were not professional writers, and spent little time on the attacks. This article also contributes to the field by using human subjects to empirically validate the claim of high accuracy for four current techniques (without adversaries). We have also compiled and released two corpora of adversarial stylometry texts to promote research in this field with a total of 57 unique authors. We argue that this field is important to a multidisciplinary approach to privacy, security, and anonymity.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2382448.2382450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,29]],"date-time":"2012-11-29T15:02:27Z","timestamp":1354201347000},"page":"1-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":136,"title":["Adversarial stylometry"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Brennan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Drexel University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadia","family":"Afroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drexel University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Greenstadt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drexel University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1344411.1344413"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Adams C. 2006. With a little help from my friends (and colleagues): The multidisciplinary requirement for privacy. http:\/\/www.idtrail.org\/content\/view\/402\/42\/.  Adams C. 2006. With a little help from my friends (and colleagues): The multidisciplinary requirement for privacy. http:\/\/www.idtrail.org\/content\/view\/402\/42\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2012.34"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Brennan M. and Greenstadt R. 2009. Practical attacks on authorship recognition techniques. Innov. Appl. Artif. Intell.  Brennan M. and Greenstadt R. 2009. Practical attacks on authorship recognition techniques. Innov. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th Biennial Conference on Forensic Linguistics\/Language and Law.","author":"Chaski C. E.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","volume":"4827","author":"Clark J. H."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Colosimo M. Graef R. Lampert S. and Peterson M. 2009. State of the art biometrics excellence roadmap. Tech. rep. U.S. Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation.  Colosimo M. Graef R. Lampert S. and Peterson M. 2009. State of the art biometrics excellence roadmap. Tech. rep. U.S. Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Inside Wikileaks: My Time with Julian Assange at the World's Most Dangerous Website","author":"Domscheit-Berg D.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/llc\/10.2.111"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/1500000005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1866423.1866427"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the COLING\/ACL Main Conference Poster Sessions. Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Kacmarcik G."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Bookish math. Sci","volume":"164","author":"Klarreich E.","year":"2003","journal-title":"News"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","author":"Malyutov M."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Matthews R. 1993. Linguistics on trial: Forensic scientists have fiercely condemned a technique used in court to show that confessions have been tampered with. New Sci. 1887.  Matthews R. 1993. Linguistics on trial: Forensic scientists have fiercely condemned a technique used in court to show that confessions have been tampered with. New Sci. 1887."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"McCarthy C. 2008. The Road. Vintage International. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.  McCarthy C. 2008. The Road. Vintage International. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/219717.219748"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Morton A. and Michaelson S. 1996. The qsum plot. Internal rep. CSR-3-90.  Morton A. and Michaelson S. 1996. The qsum plot. Internal rep. CSR-3-90."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Recent Advances in Soft Computing. 86--91","author":"Oakes M. P.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"Rao J. R. and Rohatgi P. 2000. Can pseudonymity really guarantee privacy&quest; In Proceedings of the 9th Conference on USENIX Security Symposium.   Rao J. R. and Rohatgi P. 2000. Can pseudonymity really guarantee privacy&quest; In Proceedings of the 9th Conference on USENIX Security Symposium."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025786724466"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"The Institute for Linguistic Evidence. 2008. 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Who uses tor&quest; https:\/\/www.torproject.org\/about\/torusers.html.en."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00054024"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11562214_84"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Information and System Security"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2382448.2382450","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2382448.2382450","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T09:34:37Z","timestamp":1750239277000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2382448.2382450"}},"subtitle":["Circumventing authorship recognition to preserve privacy and anonymity"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2382448.2382450"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2382448.2382450","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-9224","1557-7406"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-9224","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7406","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-02-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-07-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-11-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}