{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T12:53:20Z","timestamp":1778763200314,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,2]],"date-time":"2012-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIGMIS Database"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Technical skill currency is especially important to IT professionals, yet past research has not integrated perceived obsolescence into the nomological net with organizational embeddedness when investigating IT workers' turnover intentions. Responding to a call for additional research on IT worker turnover we utilize a sample of 1,777 IT workers in a very large and complex IT organization and find that organizational embeddedness explains significant incremental variance beyond the traditional turnover model. The findings presented here show that organizational embeddedness is an essential mediator between perceived skill obsolescence and IT voluntary turnover. Our data also show that the effect of perceived obsolescence on embeddedness is moderated by age. This work provides organizations with insights on why employees choose to stay in an organization, or leave it. We find that both fit and sacrifice dimensions of embeddedness mediate the relationship between perceived skill obsolescence and turnover intention, but that only the sacrifice dimension is a full mediator. These findings suggest that turnover intention is a multivariate issue and that future IT turnover research needs to include other variables such as perceived obsolescence and age. Furthermore there is a need for future research on the role of the specific dimensions of embeddedness. We suggest strategies to reduce voluntary turnover based on the predictive variables in the research model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2398834.2398837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,20]],"date-time":"2012-11-20T15:50:20Z","timestamp":1353426620000},"page":"12-32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Perceived obsolescence, organizational embeddedness, and turnover of it workers"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Xiaoni","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sherry D.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Business, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor R.","family":"Prybutok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leon","family":"Kappelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Business, University of North Texas, Denton, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Framing the domains of IT management: projecting the future from the past","author":"Ang S.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ang , S. , and Slaughter , S . The missing context of information technology personnel: a review and future directions for research , in Framing the domains of IT management: projecting the future from the past , R. W. Zmud (ed.), Cincinnati, OH : Pinnaflex Educational Resources , 2000 . Ang, S., and Slaughter, S. The missing context of information technology personnel: a review and future directions for research, in Framing the domains of IT management: projecting the future from the past, R. W. Zmud (ed.), Cincinnati, OH: Pinnaflex Educational Resources, 2000."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002224377701400320"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Principles of Marketing Research","author":"Bagozzi R.P.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bagozzi , R.P. Structural equation models in marketing research basic principles , In Principles of Marketing Research , R. Bagozzi, ed. Oxford : Blackwell , 1994 , 317--385. Bagozzi, R.P. Structural equation models in marketing research basic principles, In Principles of Marketing Research, R. Bagozzi, ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 1994, 317--385."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Technological change and the skill acquisition of young workers","volume":"16","author":"Banel A.P","year":"1998","unstructured":"Banel , A.P , and Sicherman , N . Technological change and the skill acquisition of young workers , Journal of Labor Economics , 16 , 4 ( 1998 ), 718--755. Banel, A.P, and Sicherman, N. Technological change and the skill acquisition of young workers, Journal of Labor Economics, 16, 4 (1998), 718--755.","journal-title":"Journal of Labor Economics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"The partial least square approach to causal modeling, personal computer adoption and use as an illustration","volume":"2","author":"Barclay D.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Barclay , D. , Higgins , C. and Thompson , R . The partial least square approach to causal modeling, personal computer adoption and use as an illustration , Technology Studies 2 , 2 ( 1995 ), 285--309. Barclay, D., Higgins, C. and Thompson, R. The partial least square approach to causal modeling, personal computer adoption and use as an illustration, Technology Studies 2, 2 (1995), 285--309.","journal-title":"Technology Studies"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226041223.001.0001","volume-title":"Human Capital","author":"Becker G.S.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Becker , G.S. Human Capital . Chicago : University Of Chicago Press , 1993 . Becker, G.S. Human Capital. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 1993."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118619179","volume-title":"Structural Equations With Latent Variables","author":"Bollen K.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bollen , K. Structural Equations With Latent Variables , New York : John Wiley & Sons , 1989 . Bollen, K. Structural Equations With Latent Variables, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1989."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jvbe.1994.1003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Business Communications Review. Demand still strong for skilled IT workers. 37 9 (2007) 6. Business Communications Review. Demand still strong for skilled IT workers. 37 9 (2007) 6."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Cook, J.D, Hepworth, S.J.,Wall T.D., and Warr, P.B. Experience of Work: A Compendium and Review of 249 Measures and Their Use","author":"Cammann C.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Cammann , C. , Fichman , M. , Jenkins , Klesh, J. Michigan organization assessment questionnaire: Internal work motivation , in Cook, J.D, Hepworth, S.J.,Wall T.D., and Warr, P.B. Experience of Work: A Compendium and Review of 249 Measures and Their Use , New York : Academic Press , 1981 , p.126. Cammann, C., Fichman, M., Jenkins, Klesh, J. Michigan organization assessment questionnaire: Internal work motivation, in Cook, J.D, Hepworth, S.J.,Wall T.D., and Warr, P.B. Experience of Work: A Compendium and Review of 249 Measures and Their Use, New York: Academic Press, 1981, p.126."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2006.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"295","volume-title":"Modern Methods for Research","author":"Chin W.W.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Chin , W.W. The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling . In G. A. Marcoulides (ed.), Modern Methods for Research , Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum , 1998 , pp. 295 -- 336 . Chin, W.W. The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. In G. A. Marcoulides (ed.), Modern Methods for Research, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1998, pp. 295--336."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.14.2.189.16018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen , J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences , Hillsdale, N.J. : L. Erlbaum Associates , 1988 . Cohen, J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, Hillsdale, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1988."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872679504800302"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Journal of Healthcare Management, 51, 4","author":"Cohen J.D.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cohen , J.D. ( 2006 ) The aging nursing workforce: how to retain experienced nurses , Journal of Healthcare Management, 51, 4 (2006), 233--245. Cohen, J.D. (2006) The aging nursing workforce: how to retain experienced nurses, Journal of Healthcare Management, 51, 4 (2006), 233--245."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Cole T. Update skills to cut staff turnover. Computer Weekly 11\/16\/2004 32. Cole T. Update skills to cut staff turnover. Computer Weekly 11\/16\/2004 32."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Hot IT skills for 2011","volume":"44","author":"Collett S","year":"2011","unstructured":"Collett , S . Hot IT skills for 2011 , Computerworld , 44 , 17 ( 2011 ), 34--37. Collett, S. Hot IT skills for 2011, Computerworld, 44, 17 (2011), 34--37.","journal-title":"Computerworld"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2009.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1986.4282625"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.92.4.1031"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2001.4845830"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1509\/jmkr.38.2.269.18845"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"A Primer for Soft Modeling","author":"Falk R.F.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Falk , R.F. , and Miller , N.B . A Primer for Soft Modeling . Akron, OH : The University of Akron Press , 1992 . Falk, R.F., and Miller, N.B. A Primer for Soft Modeling. Akron, OH: The University of Akron Press, 1992."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2009.41331075"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.1050.0057"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Industry output and employment projections to","author":"Figueroa E.B.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Figueroa , E.B. , and Woods , R.A . Industry output and employment projections to 2016 , Monthly Labor Review (November 2007), 53--85. Figueroa, E.B., and Woods, R.A. Industry output and employment projections to 2016, Monthly Labor Review (November 2007), 53--85."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800313"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1017114.1017119"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014920630002600305"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02678370802383962"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11219-007-9028-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Modern Factor Analysis, 3ed","author":"Harman H. H.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Harman , H. H. ( 1976 ). Modern Factor Analysis, 3ed . Chicago : University Press. Harman, H. H. (1976). Modern Factor Analysis, 3ed. Chicago: University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2007.00474.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/S1474-7979(2009)0000020014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Integrating the unfolding model and job embeddedness model to better understand voluntary turnover","volume":"18","author":"Holtom B.C.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Holtom , B.C. , and Inderrieden , E. J . Integrating the unfolding model and job embeddedness model to better understand voluntary turnover . Journal of Managerial Issues , 18 , 4 ( 2006 ), 435--452. Holtom, B.C., and Inderrieden, E. J. Integrating the unfolding model and job embeddedness model to better understand voluntary turnover. Journal of Managerial Issues, 18, 4 (2006), 435--452.","journal-title":"Journal of Managerial Issues"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgdyn.2006.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013453"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.1999.11518237"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/job.4030080406"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/376806"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language","author":"J\u00f6reskog K.G.","year":"1996","unstructured":"J\u00f6reskog , K.G. and S\u00f6rbom , D . LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language . Chicago, IL : Scientific Software International ( 1996 ). J\u00f6reskog, K.G. and S\u00f6rbom, D. LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Chicago, IL: Scientific Software International (1996)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Information Systems Proceedings, (2001","author":"Joseph D.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Joseph , D. , and Ang , S . The threat-rigidity model of professional obsolescence and its impact on occupational mobility behaviors of IT professionals . International Conference on Information Systems Proceedings, (2001 ), http:\/\/aisel.aisnet.org\/icis 2001 \/73. Joseph, D., and Ang, S. The threat-rigidity model of professional obsolescence and its impact on occupational mobility behaviors of IT professionals. International Conference on Information Systems Proceedings, (2001), http:\/\/aisel.aisnet.org\/icis2001\/73."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Information Systems Proceedings, (2010","author":"Joseph D.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Joseph , D. , Koh , C.S.K. , and Hao Foo , A.C. Sustainable IT-specific human capital: coping with the threat of professional obsolescence . International Conference on Information Systems Proceedings, (2010 ), http:\/\/aisel.aisnet.org\/icis 2010 _submissions\/46. Joseph, D., Koh, C.S.K., and Hao Foo, A.C. Sustainable IT-specific human capital: coping with the threat of professional obsolescence. International Conference on Information Systems Proceedings, (2010), http:\/\/aisel.aisnet.org\/icis2010_submissions\/46."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2017336.2017343"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Managing on the edge of change: Human resource management of information technology employees","volume":"46","author":"Kaplan D.M.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kaplan , D.M. and Lerouge , C . Managing on the edge of change: Human resource management of information technology employees , Human Resource Management , 46 , 3 ( 2006 ), 325--330. Kaplan, D.M. and Lerouge, C. Managing on the edge of change: Human resource management of information technology employees, Human Resource Management, 46, 3 (2006), 325--330.","journal-title":"Human Resource Management"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"The Handbook of Social Psychology","author":"Kenny D.A.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kenny , D.A. , Kashy , D.A. and Bolger , N . The Handbook of Social Psychology , Fourth Edition, in Gilbert, D.T. , Fiske, S.T., Lindzey, G. and Allport, G.W. , Oxford : University Press , 1985 . Kenny, D.A., Kashy, D.A. and Bolger, N. The Handbook of Social Psychology, Fourth Edition, in Gilbert, D.T., Fiske, S.T., Lindzey, G. and Allport, G.W., Oxford: University Press, 1985."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariable Methods","author":"Kleinbaum D.G.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kleinbaum , D.G. , Kupper , L. , and Muller , K.E . Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariable Methods , 2 nd ed., Boston : PWS-Kent , 1988 . Kleinbaum, D.G., Kupper, L., and Muller, K.E. Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariable Methods, 2nd ed., Boston: PWS-Kent, 1988.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"stages of careers in engineers: An expectancy theory taxonomy","author":"Kopelman R.E.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Kopelman , R.E. ' Psychological stages of careers in engineers: An expectancy theory taxonomy . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 10 , ( 1977 ). 270--286. Kopelman, R.E. 'Psychological stages of careers in engineers: An expectancy theory taxonomy. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 10, (1977). 270--286.","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Conditions for factor (in) determinacy","volume":"63","author":"Krijnen W.P.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Krijnen , W.P. , Dijkstra , T.K. , and Gill , R.D . Conditions for factor (in) determinacy in Factor Analysis. Psychometrika , 63 , 4 ( 1998 ), 359--367. Krijnen, W.P., Dijkstra, T.K., and Gill, R.D. Conditions for factor (in) determinacy in Factor Analysis. Psychometrika, 63, 4 (1998), 359--367.","journal-title":"Factor Analysis. Psychometrika"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"Dynamics of the importance of IS\/IT skills The Journal of Computer Information Systems, 50, 4","author":"Lee K.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee , K. and Mirchandani , D , Dynamics of the importance of IS\/IT skills The Journal of Computer Information Systems, 50, 4 ( 2010 ), 67--78. Lee, K. and Mirchandani, D, Dynamics of the importance of IS\/IT skills The Journal of Computer Information Systems, 50, 4 (2010), 67--78."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"The effects of job embeddedness on organizational citizenship, job performance, volitional absences, and voluntary turnover","volume":"47","author":"Lee T.W.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lee , T.W. , Mitchell , T.R. , Sablynski , C.J. , Burton , J.P. , and Holtom , B.C . The effects of job embeddedness on organizational citizenship, job performance, volitional absences, and voluntary turnover . Academy of Management Journal , 47 , 5 ( 2004 ), 711--722. Lee, T.W., Mitchell, T.R., Sablynski, C.J., Burton, J.P., and Holtom, B.C. The effects of job embeddedness on organizational citizenship, job performance, volitional absences, and voluntary turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 47, 5 (2004), 711--722.","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.2307\/256157","article-title":"Voluntarily leaving an organization: an empirical investigation of Steers and Mowday's model of turnover","volume":"30","author":"Lee T.W.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lee , T.W. and Mowday , R.T . Voluntarily leaving an organization: an empirical investigation of Steers and Mowday's model of turnover , Academy of Management Journal , 30 , ( 1987 ), 721 -- 743 . Lee, T.W. and Mowday, R.T. Voluntarily leaving an organization: an empirical investigation of Steers and Mowday's model of turnover, Academy of Management Journal, 30, (1987), 721--743.","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.114.3.533"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-007-9045-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"Organizations","author":"March J. G.","year":"1958","unstructured":"March , J. G. , and Simon , H. A . Organizations . New York : Wiley , 1958 . March, J. G., and Simon, H. A. Organizations. New York: Wiley, 1958."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/506724.506730"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","volume-title":"Indian IT firms redefine career path for engineers","author":"Mint","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mint , Indian IT firms redefine career path for engineers . ( 2010 , February 15).Retrieved July 17, 2011, from ABI\/INFORM Global. (Document ID : 1989846951). Mint, Indian IT firms redefine career path for engineers. (2010, February 15).Retrieved July 17, 2011, from ABI\/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 1989846951)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.2307\/3069391","article-title":"Why people stay: using organizational embeddedness to predict voluntary turnover","volume":"44","author":"Mitchell T.R.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mitchell , T.R. , Holtom , B.C. , Lee , T.W. , Sablynski , C.J. , and Erez , M . Why people stay: using organizational embeddedness to predict voluntary turnover , Academy of Management Journal , 44 , 6 ( 2001 ), 1102--1122. Mitchell, T.R., Holtom, B.C., Lee, T.W., Sablynski, C.J., and Erez, M. Why people stay: using organizational embeddedness to predict voluntary turnover, Academy of Management Journal, 44, 6 (2001), 1102--1122.","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3250982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2009.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.2010.01184.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","volume-title":"Psychometric Theory","author":"Nunnally J.C.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nunnally , J.C. , and Bernstein , I.H . Psychometric Theory , 3 rd ed., New York : McGraw-Hill , 1994 . Nunnally, J.C., and Bernstein, I.H. Psychometric Theory, 3rd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The cost of employee turnover","volume":"49","author":"O'Connell M.","year":"2007","unstructured":"O'Connell , M. and Kung , M.C . The cost of employee turnover . Industrial Management 49 , 1 ( 2007 ), 14--19. O'Connell, M. and Kung, M.C. The cost of employee turnover. Industrial Management 49, 1 (2007), 14--19.","journal-title":"Industrial Management"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","volume-title":"10 ways to jump an IT pay grade eWeek, 25, 19","author":"Perelman D.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Perelman , D. 10 ways to jump an IT pay grade eWeek, 25, 19 ( 2008 ), 41--42. Perelman, D. 10 ways to jump an IT pay grade eWeek, 25, 19 (2008), 41--42."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","first-page":"4","volume":"31","author":"Petter S.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Petter , S. , Straub , D. and Rai , A . Specifying Formative Constructs in Information Systems Research. MIS Quarterly 31 , 4 ( 2007 ), 623--656. Petter, S., Straub, D. and Rai, A. Specifying Formative Constructs in Information Systems Research. MIS Quarterly 31, 4 (2007), 623--656.","journal-title":"Specifying Formative Constructs in Information Systems Research. MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/249467"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0963-8687(03)00017-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1592401.1592405"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2017388.2017397"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/334686.334690"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Seventh Americas Conference on Information Systems, (2001), 1947","author":"Ryan S.D.","year":"1949","unstructured":"Ryan , S.D. , and Harrison , D.A . Motivation to retrain: an empirical study . Proceedings of the Seventh Americas Conference on Information Systems, (2001), 1947 -- 1949 . Ryan, S.D., and Harrison, D.A. Motivation to retrain: an empirical study. Proceedings of the Seventh Americas Conference on Information Systems, (2001), 1947--1949."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/npr.1001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.2008.00130.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.81.3.219"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2307\/256939","article-title":"An organization-level analysis of voluntary and involuntary turnover","volume":"41","author":"Shaw J.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Shaw , J. , Delery , J.E. , Jenkins , D.G. , and Gupta , N . An organization-level analysis of voluntary and involuntary turnover . Academy of Management Journal , 41 , 5 , ( 1998 ) 511--525. Shaw, J., Delery, J.E., Jenkins, D.G., and Gupta, N. An organization-level analysis of voluntary and involuntary turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 5, (1998) 511--525.","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/233977.233994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2393794"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/npr.1001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8325.1986.tb00209.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1161345.1161361"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Turnover of information technology workers: examining empirically the influence of attitudes, job characteristics, and external markets","volume":"19","author":"Thatcher J.B.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Thatcher , J.B. , Stepina , L.P. and Boyle , R.J . Turnover of information technology workers: examining empirically the influence of attitudes, job characteristics, and external markets . Journal of Management Information Systems 19 , 3 , ( 2002 \/2003), 231--260. Thatcher, J.B., Stepina, L.P. and Boyle, R.J. Turnover of information technology workers: examining empirically the influence of attitudes, job characteristics, and external markets. Journal of Management Information Systems 19, 3, (2002\/2003), 231--260.","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hrm.20170"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","first-page":"581","volume-title":"S. Kotz and N. L. Johnson (Eds), Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences (Vol. 6","author":"Wold H. O.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Wold , H. O. Partial least squares . In: S. Kotz and N. L. Johnson (Eds), Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences (Vol. 6 , pp. 581 -- 591 ). ( 1985 ), New York, NY : Wiley . Wold, H. O. Partial least squares. In: S. Kotz and N. L. Johnson (Eds), Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences (Vol. 6, pp. 581--591). (1985), New York, NY: Wiley."}],"container-title":["ACM SIGMIS Database: the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2398834.2398837","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2398834.2398837","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T08:18:48Z","timestamp":1750234728000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2398834.2398837"}},"subtitle":["an empirical study"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,2]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2398834.2398837"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2398834.2398837","relation":{},"ISSN":["0095-0033","1532-0936"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0095-0033","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-0936","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-11-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}