{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T10:40:31Z","timestamp":1761648031175,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,4]],"date-time":"2012-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIGMETRICS Perform. Eval. Rev."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper revisits models of cascading failures in the transmission system of the power grid. It has been recently shownthat since power flows are governed by the laws of physics,these models significantly differ from epidemic\/percolationbased models. Yet, while some numerical results have been recently obtained based on these models, there is a need to investigate the sensitivity of the results to various parameters and to evaluate the models' accuracy. In this paper, through numerical experiments with real grid data, we study the effects of geographically correlated outages and the resulting cascades. We consider a wide range of parameters, such as the power lines' Factor of Safety and the sensitivity of the lines to power flow spikes. Moreover, we compare our numerical results to the actual events in a recent blackout in the San Diego area (Sept. 2011), thereby demonstrating that the model's predictions are consistent with real events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2425248.2425256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,8]],"date-time":"2013-01-08T15:34:16Z","timestamp":1357659256000},"page":"33-37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Sensitivity analysis of the power grid vulnerability to large-scale cascading failures"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Andrey","family":"Bernstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University, New York, NY"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Bienstock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University, New York, NY"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Hay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel"}]},{"given":"Meric","family":"Uzunoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University, New York, NY"}]},{"given":"Gil","family":"Zussman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University, New York, NY"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2011.5934942"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Scientific American","author":"Amin M.","year":"2007","unstructured":"M. Amin and P. F. Schewe . Preventing blackouts: Building a smarter power grid . Scientific American , May 2007 . M. Amin and P. F. Schewe. Preventing blackouts: Building a smarter power grid. Scientific American, May 2007."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Power Systems Analysis","author":"Bergen A. R.","year":"1999","unstructured":"A. R. Bergen and V. Vittal . Power Systems Analysis . Prentice-Hall , 1999 . A. R. Bergen and V. Vittal. Power Systems Analysis. Prentice-Hall, 1999."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Geographically correlated failures in power networks \u00bf survivability analysis. Submitted","author":"Bernstein A.","year":"2012","unstructured":"A. Bernstein , D. Bienstock , D. Hay , M. Uzunoglu , and G. Zussman . Geographically correlated failures in power networks \u00bf survivability analysis. Submitted , 2012 . A. Bernstein, D. Bienstock, D. Hay, M. Uzunoglu, and G. Zussman. Geographically correlated failures in power networks \u00bf survivability analysis. Submitted, 2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"IEEE PES General Meeting","author":"Bienstock D.","year":"2011","unstructured":"D. Bienstock . Optimal control of cascading power grid failures . in IEEE PES General Meeting , July 2011 . D. Bienstock. Optimal control of cascading power grid failures. in IEEE PES General Meeting, July 2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/08073562X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC). CPUC briefing on San Diego blackout. http:\/\/media.signonsandiego.com\/news\/documents\/2011\/09\/23\/CPUC_briefing_on_San_Diego_blackout.pdf.  California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC). CPUC briefing on San Diego blackout. http:\/\/media.signonsandiego.com\/news\/documents\/2011\/09\/23\/CPUC_briefing_on_San_Diego_blackout.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2005.02.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2004.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"IEEE PES General Meeting","author":"Corsi S.","year":"2004","unstructured":"S. Corsi and C. Sabelli . General blackout in Italy Sunday September 28, 2003, h. 03: 28:00 . In IEEE PES General Meeting , June 2004 . S. Corsi and C. Sabelli. General blackout in Italy Sunday September 28, 2003, h. 03:28:00. In IEEE PES General Meeting, June 2004."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2011.2170849"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"personal communication","author":"Dobson I.","year":"2010","unstructured":"I. Dobson . personal communication , 2010 . I. Dobson. personal communication, 2010."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2737822"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Apr.","author":"Foster J. S.","year":"2008","unstructured":"J. S. Foster , E. Gjelde , W. R. Graham , R. J. Hermann , H. M. Kluepfel , R. L. Lawson , G. K. Soper , L. L. Wood , and J. B. Woodard . Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures , Apr. 2008 . J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard. Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Apr. 2008."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3489887"},{"volume-title":"Blackout nation: fault leaves cyprus without power","year":"2012","key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"msnbc.com staff. Blackout nation: fault leaves cyprus without power , 2012 . http:\/\/worldnews.nbcnews.com\/_news\/2012\/04\/04\/11016803-blackout-nation-fault-leaves-cyprus-without-power? lite. msnbc.com staff. Blackout nation: fault leaves cyprus without power, 2012. http:\/\/worldnews.nbcnews.com\/_news\/2012\/04\/04\/11016803-blackout-nation-fault-leaves-cyprus-without-power? lite."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"May","author":"Pagani G. A.","year":"2011","unstructured":"G. A. Pagani and M. Aiello . The power grid as a complex network: a survey. ArXiv e-prints , May 2011 . G. A. Pagani and M. Aiello. The power grid as a complex network: a survey. ArXiv e-prints, May 2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Oct.","author":"Pfitzner R.","year":"2011","unstructured":"R. Pfitzner , K. Turitsyn , and M. Chertkov . Controlled tripping of overheated lines mitigates power outages. ArXiv e-prints , Oct. 2011 . R. Pfitzner, K. Turitsyn, and M. Chertkov. Controlled tripping of overheated lines mitigates power outages. ArXiv e-prints, Oct. 2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/070708275"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"Platts. GIS Data. http:\/\/www.platts.com\/Products\/gisdata.  Platts. GIS Data. http:\/\/www.platts.com\/Products\/gisdata."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Final report on the","author":"U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force","year":"2003","unstructured":"U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force . Final report on the August 14, 2003 blackout in the United States and Canada : Causes and recommendations, Apr. 2004. https:\/\/reports.energy.gov. U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force. Final report on the August 14, 2003 blackout in the United States and Canada: Causes and recommendations, Apr. 2004. https:\/\/reports.energy.gov."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Oct.","author":"U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission","year":"2010","unstructured":"U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission , Dept. of Homeland Security, and Dept. of Energy. Detailed technical report on EMP and severe solar flare threats to the U.S. power grid , Oct. 2010 . http:\/\/www.ornl.gov\/sci\/ees\/etsd\/pes\/. U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Dept. of Homeland Security, and Dept. of Energy. Detailed technical report on EMP and severe solar flare threats to the U.S. power grid, Oct. 2010. http:\/\/www.ornl.gov\/sci\/ees\/etsd\/pes\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC). Historical transmission paths database. http:\/\/www.wecc.biz.  Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC). Historical transmission paths database. http:\/\/www.wecc.biz."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"India staggered by power blackout","author":"Yardley J.","year":"2012","unstructured":"J. Yardley and G. Harris . India staggered by power blackout ; 670 million people in grip, 2012 . http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2012\/08\/01\/world\/asia\/power-outages-hit-600-million-in-india.html\/. J. Yardley and G. Harris. 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