{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:22:13Z","timestamp":1750306933522,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1s","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]],"date-time":"2013-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004963","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>One very important challenge in the field of multimedia is the implementation of fast and detailed Object Detection and Recognition systems. In particular, in the current state-of-the-art mobile multimedia systems, it is highly desirable to detect and locate certain objects within a video frame in real time. Although a significant number of Object Detection and Recognition schemes have been developed and implemented, triggering very accurate results, the vast majority of them cannot be applied in state-of-the-art mobile multimedia devices; this is mainly due to the fact that they are highly complex schemes that require a significant amount of processing power, while they are also time consuming and very power hungry. In this article, we present a novel FPGA-based embedded implementation of a very efficient object recognition algorithm called Receptive Field Cooccurrence Histograms Algorithm (RFCH). Our main focus was to increase its performance so as to be able to handle the object recognition task of today's highly sophisticated embedded multimedia systems while keeping its energy consumption at very low levels. Our low-power embedded reconfigurable system is at least 15 times faster than the software implementation on a low-voltage high-end CPU, while consuming at least 60 times less energy. Our novel system is also 88 times more energy efficient than the recently introduced low-power multi-core Intel devices which are optimized for embedded systems. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first system presented that can execute the complete complex object recognition task at a multi frame per second rate while consuming minimal amounts of energy, making it an ideal candidate for future embedded multimedia systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2435227.2435229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,19]],"date-time":"2013-03-19T13:34:23Z","timestamp":1363700063000},"page":"1-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A novel low-power embedded object recognition system working at multi-frames per second"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Antonis","family":"Nikitakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Crete"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Savvas","family":"Papaioannou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Crete"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Papaefstathiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Crete"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,21]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE SMC UK-RI 5th Chapter Conference on Advances in Cybernetic Systems. 43--48","author":"Bhowmik D.","key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Bhowmik , D. , Amavasai , B. P. , and Mulroy , T. J . 2006. Real-time object classification on FPGA using moment invariants and Kohonen neural networks , In Proceedings of the IEEE SMC UK-RI 5th Chapter Conference on Advances in Cybernetic Systems. 43--48 . Bhowmik, D., Amavasai, B. P., and Mulroy, T. J. 2006. Real-time object classification on FPGA using moment invariants and Kohonen neural networks, In Proceedings of the IEEE SMC UK-RI 5th Chapter Conference on Advances in Cybernetic Systems. 43--48."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. 84--89","author":"Ekvall S.","key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Ekvall S. and Kragic , D . 2995. Receptive field coocurrence histograms for object detection . In Proceedings of the IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. 84--89 . Ekvall S. and Kragic, D. 2995. Receptive field coocurrence histograms for object detection. In Proceedings of the IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. 84--89."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications. 373--378","author":"Gao C.","key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Gao , C. and Lu , S . -L. 2008. Novel FPGA based HAAR classier face detection algorithm acceleration , In Proceedings of the International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications. 373--378 . Gao, C. and Lu, S.-L. 2008. Novel FPGA based HAAR classier face detection algorithm acceleration, In Proceedings of the International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications. 373--378."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECS.2010.5724558"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FPL.2010.114"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition. 1743--1748","author":"Hadjitheophanous S.","key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Hadjitheophanous , S. Ttofis , C. Georghiades , A. S. ; and Theocharides , T . Towards hardware stereoscopic 3D reconstruction a real-time FPGA computation of the disparity map . In Proceedings of the Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition. 1743--1748 . Hadjitheophanous, S. Ttofis, C. Georghiades, A. S.; and Theocharides, T. Towards hardware stereoscopic 3D reconstruction a real-time FPGA computation of the disparity map. In Proceedings of the Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition. 1743--1748."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation.","author":"He W.","key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"He , W. and Yuan , K . 2008. An improved canny edge detector and its realization on FPGA . In Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation. He, W. and Yuan, K. 2008. An improved canny edge detector and its realization on FPGA. In Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Jag B. 2012. Intel ARM Battle for Microservers. Processor Watch May 17.  Jag B. 2012. Intel ARM Battle for Microservers. Processor Watch May 17."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2010.2048224"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of 5th Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability","author":"MacQueen J. B.","year":"1967","unstructured":"MacQueen , J. B. 1967 . Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations . In Proceedings of 5th Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability . University of California Press, 281--297. MacQueen, J. B. 1967. Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations. In Proceedings of 5th Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability. 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