{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T02:29:13Z","timestamp":1768012153669,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]],"date-time":"2013-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Intell. Syst. Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this article we consider the special abilities needed by agents for assessing trust based on inference and reasoning. We analyze the case in which it is possible to infer trust towards unknown counterparts by reasoning on abstract classes or categories of agents shaped in a concrete application domain. We present a scenario of interacting agents providing a computational model implementing different strategies to assess trust. Assuming a medical domain, categories, including both competencies and dispositions of possible trustees, are exploited to infer trust towards possibly unknown counterparts. The proposed approach for the cognitive assessment of trust relies on agents' abilities to analyze heterogeneous information sources along different dimensions. Trust is inferred based on specific observable properties (manifesta), namely explicitly readable signals indicating internal features (krypta) regulating agents' behavior and effectiveness on specific tasks. Simulative experiments evaluate the performance of trusting agents adopting different strategies to delegate tasks to possibly unknown trustees, while experimental results show the relevance of this kind of cognitive ability in the case of open multiagent systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2438653.2438662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,1]],"date-time":"2013-04-01T19:39:32Z","timestamp":1364845172000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["From manifesta to krypta"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Rino","family":"Falcone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISTC-CNR, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Piunti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISTC-CNR, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Venanzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISTC-CNR, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristiano","family":"Castelfranchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISTC-CNR, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bacharach M. and Gambetta D. 2001. Trust as type detection. In Trust and Deception in Virtual Societies Kluwer Academic Publishers 1--26.   Bacharach M. and Gambetta D. 2001. Trust as type detection. In Trust and Deception in Virtual Societies Kluwer Academic Publishers 1--26.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-3614-5_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/646674.701820"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bordini R. H. Hubner J. F. and Wooldrige M. 2007. Programming Multi-Agent Systems in AgentSpeak Using Jason. Wiley Series in Agent Technology. John Wiley & Sons.   Bordini R. H. Hubner J. F. and Wooldrige M. 2007. Programming Multi-Agent Systems in AgentSpeak Using Jason. Wiley Series in Agent Technology. 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Van de Velde Eds Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence vol. \n  1237 Springer 234--254.   Castelfranchi C. and Falcone R. 1997. Delegation conflicts. In Multi-Agent Rationality M. Boman and W. Van de Velde Eds Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence vol. 1237 Springer 234--254.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-63077-5_36"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Multi Agent Systems. 72--79","author":"Castelfranchi C.","unstructured":"Castelfranchi , C. and Falcone , R . 1998. Principles of trust for MAS: Cognitive anatomy, social importance, and quantification . In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Multi Agent Systems. 72--79 . Castelfranchi, C. and Falcone, R. 1998. Principles of trust for MAS: Cognitive anatomy, social importance, and quantification. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Multi Agent Systems. 72--79."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castelfranchi C. and Falcone R. 2010. Trust Theory. A Socio-Cognitive and Computational Model. Wiley Series in Agent Technology. John Wiley & Sons.   Castelfranchi C. and Falcone R. 2010. Trust Theory. A Socio-Cognitive and Computational Model. Wiley Series in Agent Technology. John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470519851"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falcone R. and Castelfranchi C. 2002. Social trust: A cognitive approach. In Trust and Deception in Virtual Societies 55--90.   Falcone R. and Castelfranchi C. 2002. Social trust: A cognitive approach. In Trust and Deception in Virtual Societies 55--90.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-3614-5_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Trusting Agents for Trusting Electronic Societies. 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On propagating interpersonal trust in social networks. In Computing with Social Trust J. Golbeck Ed. 133--168.  Ziegler C. 2009. On propagating interpersonal trust in social networks. In Computing with Social Trust J. 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