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However, POMDPs need appropriate representations to become tractable in ITSs that model many learner features, such as mastery of individual skills or the presence of specific misconceptions. This article describes two POMDP representations\u2014\n            <jats:italic>state queues<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>observation chains<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2014that take advantage of ITS task properties and let POMDPs scale to represent over 100 independent learner features. A real-world military training problem is given as one example. A human study (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 14) provides initial validation for the model construction. Finally, evaluating the experimental representations with simulated students helps predict their impact on ITS performance. The compressed representations can model a wide range of simulated problems with instructional efficacy equal to lossless representations. With improved tractability, POMDP ITSs can accommodate more numerous or more detailed learner states and inputs.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2438653.2438664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,1]],"date-time":"2013-04-01T19:39:32Z","timestamp":1364845172000},"page":"1-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Tractable POMDP representations for intelligent tutoring systems"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Jeremiah T.","family":"Folsom-Kovarik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Soar Technology, Inc., Oviedo, FL"}]},{"given":"Gita","family":"Sukthankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL"}]},{"given":"Sae","family":"Schatz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mesh Solutions, LLC, Orlando, FL"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2008.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Rules of the Mind","author":"Anderson J. 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