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Embed. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In imperative synchronous languages, a statement is called schizophrenic if it is executed more than once in a single clock. When a schizophrenic statement is translated into a circuit, the circuit can behave abnormally because of the multiple executions. To solve the problems caused by schizophrenic statements, compilers duplicate the statements to avoid multiple executions. Esterel is an imperative synchronous language. Schizophrenic statements in Esterel are considered to occur due to the instantaneous reentrance of local signal declarations or parallel statements. However, if the corresponding circuit of a schizophrenic statement behaves normally, it is harmless and thus curing is not necessary. In this paper, we identify the conditions under which a schizophrenic statement of the Esterel program must be cured during circuit translation. We also propose an algorithm to detect schizophrenic statements that have to be cured on the control flow graphs (CFGs) of source codes. Our algorithm detects all schizophrenic statements that have to be cured and results in fewer false alarms on the benchmark programs used in the previous work. It is simple and based on the CFG of a program, implying that it can be merged into existing compilers easily.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2442116.2442130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,9]],"date-time":"2013-04-09T12:17:58Z","timestamp":1365509878000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Detection of harmful schizophrenic statements in esterel"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jeong-Han","family":"Yun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Attached Institute of ETRI, Yuseong, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chul-Joo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Media &amp; Communications R&amp;D Center, Samsung Electronics Co., LTD, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seonggun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KAIST, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kwang-Moo","family":"Choe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KAIST, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taisook","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KAIST, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2002.805826"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5.97297"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/646831.707704"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Berry G. 1999. The Constructive Semantics of Pure ESTEREL. Draft book available at http:\/\/www.inria.fr\/meije\/esterel\/esterel-eng.html.  Berry G. 1999. The Constructive Semantics of Pure ESTEREL. Draft book available at http:\/\/www.inria.fr\/meije\/esterel\/esterel-eng.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HLDVT.2007.4392800"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6423(92)90005-V"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Software and Compilers for Embedded Systems. 1--10","author":"Brandt J.","key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Brandt , J. and Schneider , K . 2009. Separate compilation for synchronous programs . In Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Software and Compilers for Embedded Systems. 1--10 . Brandt, J. and Schneider, K. 2009. Separate compilation for synchronous programs. In Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Software and Compilers for Embedded Systems. 1--10."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Brandt J. Schneider K. and Willenbcher A. 2009. Using IP cores in synchronous languages. In Methoden und Beschreibungssprachen zur Modellierung und Verifikation von Schaltungen und Systemen. University tsbibliothek Berlin 97--106.  Brandt J. Schneider K. and Willenbcher A. 2009. Using IP cores in synchronous languages. In Methoden und Beschreibungssprachen zur Modellierung und Verifikation von Schaltungen und Systemen. University tsbibliothek Berlin 97--106."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"-J","author":"Brzozowski J.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brzozowski , J. and Seger , C . -J . 1995 . Asynchronous Circuits. Springer-Verlag , Berlin. Brzozowski, J. and Seger, C.-J. 1995. Asynchronous Circuits. Springer-Verlag, Berlin."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"80","article-title":"Saxo-rt: Interpreting esterel semantic on a sequential execution structure","volume":"65","author":"Closse E.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Closse , E. , Poize , M. , Pulou , J. , Venier , P. , and Weil , D. 2002 . Saxo-rt: Interpreting esterel semantic on a sequential execution structure . Proceedings of Synchronous Languages, Applications, and Programming 65 , 5, 80 -- 94 . Closse, E., Poize, M., Pulou, J., Venier, P., and Weil, D. 2002. Saxo-rt: Interpreting esterel semantic on a sequential execution structure. Proceedings of Synchronous Languages, Applications, and Programming 65, 5, 80--94.","journal-title":"Proceedings of Synchronous Languages, Applications, and Programming"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/512950.512973"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/775832.775874"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/52651"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Esterel-Technologies. 2005. The Esterel v7 Reference Manual Version v7.30 initial IEEE standardization proposal. Esterel-Technologies 679 av. Dr. J. Lefebvre 06270 Villeneuve-Loubet.  Esterel-Technologies. 2005. The Esterel v7 Reference Manual Version v7.30 initial IEEE standardization proposal. Esterel-Technologies 679 av. Dr. J. Lefebvre 06270 Villeneuve-Loubet."},{"volume-title":"Synchronous Programming of Reactive Systems","author":"Halbwachs N.","key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Halbwachs , N. 1993. Synchronous Programming of Reactive Systems . Kluwer Academic Publishers , Dordrecht . Halbwachs, N. 1993. Synchronous Programming of Reactive Systems. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5.97300"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim C. Yun J. Kim S. Choe K. and Han T. 2010. Over-approximated control flow graph construction on pure esterel. IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems E93-D 5 985--993.  Kim C. Yun J. Kim S. Choe K. and Han T. 2010. Over-approximated control flow graph construction on pure esterel. IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems E93-D 5 985--993.","DOI":"10.1587\/transinf.E93.D.985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/43.293952"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0096-0551(01)00016-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"Poigne A. and Holenderski L. 1995. Boolean automata for implementing pure esterel. Arbeitspapiere der GMD 964 GMD Sankt Augustin.  Poigne A. and Holenderski L. 1995. Boolean automata for implementing pure esterel. Arbeitspapiere der GMD 964 GMD Sankt Augustin."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Potop-Butucaru D. Edwards S. A. and Berry G. 2007. Compiling Esterel. Springer Berlin.   Potop-Butucaru D. Edwards S. A. and Berry G. 2007. Compiling Esterel. Springer Berlin."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dam.2012.03.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.entcs.2006.02.028"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd ACM-IEEE International Conference on Formal Methods and Models for Codesign. 165--174","author":"Schneider K.","key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"Schneider , K. , Brandt , J. , and Vecchi\u00e9 , E . 2006. Efficient code generation from synchronous programs . In Proceedings of the 2nd ACM-IEEE International Conference on Formal Methods and Models for Codesign. 165--174 . Schneider, K., Brandt, J., and Vecchi\u00e9, E. 2006. Efficient code generation from synchronous programs. In Proceedings of the 2nd ACM-IEEE International Conference on Formal Methods and Models for Codesign. 165--174."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/502217.502226"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/110316.149325"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1216374.1216376"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1113830.1113832"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3975(00)00420-5"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Design, Automation and Test in Europe. 1580--1583","author":"Vecchi\u00e9 E.","key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"Vecchi\u00e9 , E. , Talpin , J.-P. , and Schneider , K . 2009. Separate compilation and execution of imperative synchronous modules . In Proceedings of the Design, Automation and Test in Europe. 1580--1583 . Vecchi\u00e9, E., Talpin, J.-P., and Schneider, K. 2009. Separate compilation and execution of imperative synchronous modules. In Proceedings of the Design, Automation and Test in Europe. 1580--1583."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Technical Report CS-TR-2010-335, KAIST.","author":"Yun J.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yun , J. and Han , T . 2010 . Detecting schizophrenic parallel loops in esterel. Technical Report CS-TR-2010-335, KAIST. Yun, J. and Han, T. 2010. Detecting schizophrenic parallel loops in esterel. Technical Report CS-TR-2010-335, KAIST."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th ACM IEEE International Conference on Formal Methods and Models for Codesign.","author":"Yun J.","key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"Yun , J. , Kim , C. , Seo , S. , Han , T. , and Choe , K . 2009. Refining schizophrenia via graph reachability in esterel . In Proceedings of the 7th ACM IEEE International Conference on Formal Methods and Models for Codesign. Yun, J., Kim, C., Seo, S., Han, T., and Choe, K. 2009. Refining schizophrenia via graph reachability in esterel. 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