{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:21:16Z","timestamp":1750306876437,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]],"date-time":"2012-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIGBED Rev."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the prohibitive cost of worst-case timing analysis for modern processors, the design of time-predictable processors has become increasingly important for hard real-time and safety-critical systems. However, to the best of our knowledge currently there is no effective and widely accepted metric to quantitatively evaluate time predictability of processors, which greatly impedes the advancement of time-predictable processor design.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>This paper first introduces the concept of architectural time predictability (ATP), which separates timing uncertainty concerns caused by hardware from software. We then propose a metric called Architectural Time-predictability Factor (ATF) to measure architectural time predictability. Our evaluation on a Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) processor indicates that ATF is an effective metric to quantitatively evaluate architectural time predictability of a whole processor as well as its architectural and microarchitectural components such as caches, branch prediction, speculative execution, parallel pipelines, and Scratch-Pad Memory (SPM). Thus ATF can be used to quantitatively guide architectural design for enhancing time predictability or making better trade-offs between performance and time predictability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2452537.2452538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,25]],"date-time":"2013-03-25T13:31:59Z","timestamp":1364218319000},"page":"6-15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Architectural time-predictability factor (ATF)"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yiqiang","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Richmond, VA"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Richmond, VA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, L. Thiele and R. Wilhelm, Eds., no. 03471","author":"Thiele L.","key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"L. Thiele and R. Wilhelm , \" Design for time-predictability,\" in Perspectives Workshop: Design of Systems with Predictable Behaviour, ser . Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, L. Thiele and R. Wilhelm, Eds., no. 03471 . Dagstuhl, Germany : Internationales Begegnungs- und Forschungszentrum f\u00fcr Informatik (IBFI), Schloss Dagstuhl, Germany, 2004. {Online}. Available: http:\/\/drops.dagstuhl.de\/opus\/volltexte\/2004\/2 L. Thiele and R. Wilhelm, \"Design for time-predictability,\" in Perspectives Workshop: Design of Systems with Predictable Behaviour, ser. Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, L. Thiele and R. Wilhelm, Eds., no. 03471. Dagstuhl, Germany: Internationales Begegnungs- und Forschungszentrum f\u00fcr Informatik (IBFI), Schloss Dagstuhl, Germany, 2004. {Online}. 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Proceedings. 15th Euromicro Conference on, july 2003, pp. 169--176."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1555754.1555764"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RTAS.2007.28"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1278480.1278545"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/758480"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Grenoble","author":"Grund D.","year":"2009","unstructured":"D. Grund , \"Towards a formal definition of timing predictability,\" in Workshop on Reconciling Performance with Predictability , Grenoble , France , 2009 . D. 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Puschner , \" Time-predictable computing,\" in 8th IFIP WG 10.2 International Workshop on Software Technologies for Embedded and Ubiquitous Systems , Waidhofen , Austria , 2010 . R. Kirner and P. Puschner, \"Time-predictable computing,\" in 8th IFIP WG 10.2 International Workshop on Software Technologies for Embedded and Ubiquitous Systems, Waidhofen, Austria, 2010."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RTAS.2006.29"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"S. McFarling \"Combining branch predictors \" Western Research Laboratory Tech. Rep. 1993.  S. McFarling \"Combining branch predictors \" Western Research Laboratory Tech. Rep. 1993."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"\"Trimaran homepage \" http:\/\/www.trimaran.org. {Online}. Available: http:\/\/www.trimaran.org  \"Trimaran homepage \" http:\/\/www.trimaran.org. {Online}. Available: http:\/\/www.trimaran.org"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"137","volume-title":"The M\u00e4lardalen WCET benchmarks -- past, present and future,\" B","author":"Gustafsson J.","year":"2010","unstructured":"J. Gustafsson , A. Betts , A. Ermedahl , and B. Lisper , \" The M\u00e4lardalen WCET benchmarks -- past, present and future,\" B . Lisper, Ed. Brussels, Belgium : OCG , Jul. 2010 , pp. 137 -- 147 . J. Gustafsson, A. Betts, A. Ermedahl, and B. Lisper, \"The M\u00e4lardalen WCET benchmarks -- past, present and future,\" B. Lisper, Ed. Brussels, Belgium: OCG, Jul. 2010, pp. 137--147."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"330","volume-title":"IEEE\/ACM International Symposium on","volume":"0","author":"Lee C.","year":"1997","unstructured":"C. Lee , M. Potkonjak , and W. Mangione-Smith , \" Mediabench: a tool for evaluating and synthesizing multimedia and communications systems,\" Microarchitecture , IEEE\/ACM International Symposium on , vol. 0 , p. 330 , 1997 . C. Lee, M. Potkonjak, and W. Mangione-Smith, \"Mediabench: a tool for evaluating and synthesizing multimedia and communications systems,\" Microarchitecture, IEEE\/ACM International Symposium on, vol. 0, p. 330, 1997."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/774789.774805"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/513918.514077"}],"container-title":["ACM SIGBED Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2452537.2452538","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2452537.2452538","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T08:18:25Z","timestamp":1750234705000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2452537.2452538"}},"subtitle":["a metric to evaluate time predictability of processors"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2452537.2452538"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2452537.2452538","relation":{},"ISSN":["1551-3688"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1551-3688"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-11-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}