{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T16:11:56Z","timestamp":1767888716451,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2s","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]],"date-time":"2013-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1367366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Juan de la Cierva JCI2009-05455"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Juan de la Cierva JCI2009-05455"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004963","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["249100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["249100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002809","name":"Generalitat de Catalunya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Beatriu Pinos 2009 BP-B 00260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Beatriu Pinos 2009 BP-B 00260"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000143","name":"Division of Computing and Communication Foundations","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CCF-1012195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCF-1012195"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000143","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Static timing analysis is the state-of-the-art practice of ascertaining the timing behavior of current-generation real-time embedded systems. The adoption of more complex hardware to respond to the increasing demand for computing power in next-generation systems exacerbates some of the limitations of static timing analysis. In particular, the effort of acquiring (1) detailed information on the hardware to develop an accurate model of its execution latency as well as (2) knowledge of the timing behavior of the program in the presence of varying hardware conditions, such as those dependent on the history of previously executed instructions. We call these problems the timing analysis walls.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            In this vision-statement article, we present\n            <jats:italic>probabilistic timing analysis<\/jats:italic>\n            , a novel approach to the analysis of the timing behavior of next-generation real-time embedded systems. We show how probabilistic timing analysis attacks the timing analysis walls; we then illustrate the mathematical foundations on which this method is based and the challenges we face in the effort of efficiently implementing it. We also present experimental evidence that shows how probabilistic timing analysis reduces the extent of knowledge about the execution platform required to produce probabilistically accurate WCET estimations.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2465787.2465796","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,5]],"date-time":"2013-06-05T12:09:34Z","timestamp":1370434174000},"page":"1-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["PROARTIS"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Cazorla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center and Spanish National Research Council (IIIA-CSIC)"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Qui\u00f1ones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center"}]},{"given":"Tullio","family":"Vardanega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Padua"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Cucu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (INRIA)"}]},{"given":"Benoit","family":"Triquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Airbus France"}]},{"given":"Guillem","family":"Bernat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rapita Systems"}]},{"given":"Emery","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center and University of Massachusetts Amherst"}]},{"given":"Jaume","family":"Abella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center"}]},{"given":"Franck","family":"Wartel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Airbus France"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Houston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rapita Systems"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Santinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (INRIA)"}]},{"given":"Leonidas","family":"Kosmidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center"}]},{"given":"Code","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (INRIA)"}]},{"given":"Dorin","family":"Maxim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (INRIA)"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS98)","author":"Abeni L.","unstructured":"Abeni , L. and Buttazzo , G . 1998. Integrating multimedia applications in hard real-time systems . In Proceedings of the 19th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS98) . 4--13. Abeni, L. and Buttazzo, G. 1998. Integrating multimedia applications in hard real-time systems. In Proceedings of the 19th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS98). 4--13."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISORC.2010.27"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1133981.1134000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","article-title":"Probabilistic WCET analysis, an approach using copulas","author":"Bernat G.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bernat , G. and Newby , M. 2006 . Probabilistic WCET analysis, an approach using copulas . J. Embed. Comput. Bernat, G. and Newby, M. 2006. Probabilistic WCET analysis, an approach using copulas. J. Embed. Comput.","journal-title":"J. Embed. Comput."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of RTSS.","author":"Bernat G.","unstructured":"Bernat , G. , Colin , A. , and Petters , S . 2002. WCET analysis of probabilistic hard real-time systems . In Proceedings of RTSS. Bernat, G., Colin, A., and Petters, S. 2002. WCET analysis of probabilistic hard real-time systems. In Proceedings of RTSS."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Probabilistic Analysis Techniques for Real-Time and Embedded Systems (PARTES\u201904)","author":"Binns P.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Binns , P. 2004 . Statistical estimation of aperiodic response times when scheduled on top of static timelines . In Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Probabilistic Analysis Techniques for Real-Time and Embedded Systems (PARTES\u201904) . Binns, P. 2004. Statistical estimation of aperiodic response times when scheduled on top of static timelines. In Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Probabilistic Analysis Techniques for Real-Time and Embedded Systems (PARTES\u201904)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"This car runs on code","author":"Charette R.","unstructured":"Charette , R. 2009. This car runs on code . IEEE Spectrum Online . http:\/\/spectrum.ieee.org\/green-tech\/advanced-cars\/this-car-runs-on-code. Charette, R. 2009. This car runs on code. IEEE Spectrum Online. http:\/\/spectrum.ieee.org\/green-tech\/advanced-cars\/this-car-runs-on-code."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Clarke P. 2011. Automotive chip content growing fast says gartner. http:\/\/www.eetimes.com\/electronics-news\/4207377\/Automotive-chip-content-growing-fast.  Clarke P. 2011. Automotive chip content growing fast says gartner. http:\/\/www.eetimes.com\/electronics-news\/4207377\/Automotive-chip-content-growing-fast."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS02)","author":"D\u00edaz J.","unstructured":"D\u00edaz , J. , Garcia , D. , Kim , K. , Lee , C. , Bello , L. , L\u00f3pez , J. M. , and Mirabella , O . 2002. Stochastic analysis of periodic real-time systems . In Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS02) . 289--300. D\u00edaz, J., Garcia, D., Kim, K., Lee, C., Bello, L., L\u00f3pez, J. M., and Mirabella, O. 2002. Stochastic analysis of periodic real-time systems. In Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS02). 289--300."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS\u201901)","author":"Edgar S.","unstructured":"Edgar , S. and Burns , A . 2001. Statistical analysis of WCET for scheduling . In Proceedings of the 22nd IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS\u201901) . 215--225. Edgar, S. and Burns, A. 2001. Statistical analysis of WCET for scheduling. In Proceedings of the 22nd IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS\u201901). 215--225."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems (TACAS\u201999)","author":"Gardner M.","unstructured":"Gardner , M. and Lui , J . 1999. Analyzing stochastic fixed-priority real-time systems . In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems (TACAS\u201999) . 44--58. Gardner, M. and Lui, J. 1999. Analyzing stochastic fixed-priority real-time systems. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems (TACAS\u201999). 44--58."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1968974"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis (WCET\u201910)","author":"Griffin D.","unstructured":"Griffin , D. and Burns , A . 2010. Realism in statistical analysis of worst case execution times . In Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis (WCET\u201910) . 44--53. Griffin, D. and Burns, A. 2010. Realism in statistical analysis of worst case execution times. In Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis (WCET\u201910). 44--53."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET) Analysis.","author":"Hansen J.","unstructured":"Hansen , J. , Hissam , S. , and Moreno , G. A . 2009. Statistical-based wcet estimation and validation . In Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET) Analysis. Hansen, J., Hissam, S., and Moreno, G. A. 2009. Statistical-based wcet estimation and validation. In Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET) Analysis."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/378239.378252"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/827268.828944"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"Lewis J. T. and Russel R. 1997. An introduction to large deviations for teletraffic engineers. http:\/\/www.statslab.cam.ac.uk\/&percnt;7Errw1\/ld\/LD-tutorial.ps.  Lewis J. T. and Russel R. 1997. An introduction to large deviations for teletraffic engineers. http:\/\/www.statslab.cam.ac.uk\/&percnt;7Errw1\/ld\/LD-tutorial.ps."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11241-008-9053-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of RTSS.","author":"Lundqvist T.","unstructured":"Lundqvist , T. and Stenstrom , P . 1999. Timing anomalies in dynamically scheduled microprocessors . In Proceedings of RTSS. Lundqvist, T. and Stenstrom, P. 1999. Timing anomalies in dynamically scheduled microprocessors. In Proceedings of RTSS."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"MerasaD2.2. 2008. Merasa project. http:\/\/www.merasa.org\/downloads\/Deliverable_2_2.pdf.  MerasaD2.2. 2008. Merasa project. http:\/\/www.merasa.org\/downloads\/Deliverable_2_2.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the WIP Session of the 28th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS\u201907)","author":"Navet N.","unstructured":"Navet , N. , Cucu , L. , and Schott , R . 2007. Probabilistic estimation of response times through large deviations . In Proceedings of the WIP Session of the 28th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS\u201907) . Navet, N., Cucu, L., and Schott, R. 2007. Probabilistic estimation of response times through large deviations. In Proceedings of the WIP Session of the 28th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS\u201907)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"PROARTIS. 2010. Probabilistically analyzable real-time systems. http:\/\/www.proartis-project.eu\/.  PROARTIS. 2010. Probabilistically analyzable real-time systems. http:\/\/www.proartis-project.eu\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ECRTS.2009.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"RapiTime. 2008. RapiTime tool. www.rapitasystems.com.  RapiTime. 2008. RapiTime tool. www.rapitasystems.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ECRTS.2010.29"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of WCET.","author":"Reineke J.","unstructured":"Reineke , J. , Wachter , B. , Thesing , S. , Wilheim , R. , Polian , I. , Eisinger , J. , and Becker , B . 2006. A definition and classification of timing anomalies . In Proceedings of WCET. Reineke, J., Wachter, B., Thesing, S., Wilheim, R., Polian, I., Eisinger, J., and Becker, B. 2006. A definition and classification of timing anomalies. In Proceedings of WCET."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS\u201995)","author":"Tia T.","unstructured":"Tia , T. , Deng , Z. , Shankar , M. , Storch , M. , Sun , J. , Wu , L. , and Liu , J . 1995. Probabilistic performance guarantee for real-time tasks with varying computation times . In Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS\u201995) . 164--174. Tia, T., Deng, Z., Shankar, M., Storch, M., Sun, J., Wu, L., and Liu, J. 1995. Probabilistic performance guarantee for real-time tasks with varying computation times. In Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS\u201995). 164--174."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1347375.1347389"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of ECRTS.","author":"Yue L.","unstructured":"Yue , L. , Bate , I. , Nolte , T. , and Cucu-Grosjean , L . 2011. A new way about using statistical analysis of worst-case execution times . In Proceedings of ECRTS. Yue, L., Bate, I., Nolte, T., and Cucu-Grosjean, L. 2011. A new way about using statistical analysis of worst-case execution times. In Proceedings of ECRTS."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1882011.1882027"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE Real-time Systems Symposium (RTSS\u201902)","author":"Zhu H.","unstructured":"Zhu , H. , Hansen , J. , Lehoczky , J. , and Rajkumar , R . 2002. Optimal partitioning for quantized EDF scheduling . Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE Real-time Systems Symposium (RTSS\u201902) . 202--213. Zhu, H., Hansen, J., Lehoczky, J., and Rajkumar, R. 2002. Optimal partitioning for quantized EDF scheduling. Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE Real-time Systems Symposium (RTSS\u201902). 202--213."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2465787.2465796","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2465787.2465796","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T08:39:16Z","timestamp":1750235956000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2465787.2465796"}},"subtitle":["Probabilistically Analyzable Real-Time Systems"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2s","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2465787.2465796"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2465787.2465796","relation":{},"ISSN":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1539-9087","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-3465","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2011-06-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2011-11-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-05-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}