{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T03:34:48Z","timestamp":1761708888071,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,1]],"date-time":"2013-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1372636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N00014-11-1-0898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-11-1-0898"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000144","name":"Division of Computer and Network Systems","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNS-1218154 and CNS-1143607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS-1218154 and CNS-1143607"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000144","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Sen. Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>It is well known that periodically putting nodes into sleep can effectively save energy in wireless sensor networks at the cost of increased communication delays. However, most existing work mainly focuses on the static sleep scheduling, which cannot guarantee the desired delay when the network conditions change dynamically. In many applications with user-specified end-to-end delay requirements, the duty cycle of every node should be tuned individually at runtime based on the network conditions to achieve the desired end-to-end delay guarantees and energy efficiency. In this article, we propose DutyCon, a control theory-based dynamic duty-cycle control approach. DutyCon decomposes the end-to-end delay guarantee problem into a set of single-hop delay guarantee problems along each data flow in the network. We then formulate the single-hop delay guarantee problem as a dynamic feedback control problem and design the controller rigorously, based on feedback control theory, for analytic assurance of control accuracy and system stability. DutyCon also features a queuing delay adaptation scheme that adapts the duty cycle of each node to unpredictable incoming packet rates, as well as a novel energy-balancing approach that extends the network lifetime by dynamically adjusting the delay requirement allocated to each hop. Our empirical results on a hardware testbed demonstrate that DutyCon can effectively achieve the desired trade-off between end-to-end delay and energy conservation. Extensive simulation results also show that DutyCon outperforms two baseline sleep scheduling protocols by having more energy savings while meeting the end-to-end delay requirements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2489253.2489259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,25]],"date-time":"2013-07-25T19:12:41Z","timestamp":1374779561000},"page":"1-33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["DutyCon"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaorui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoliang","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","first-page":"2003","article-title":"Feedback performance control in software services","volume":"23","author":"Abdelzaher T. F.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Abdelzaher , T. F. , Stankovic , J. A. , Lu , C. , Zhang , R. , and Lu , Y. 2003 . Feedback performance control in software services . IEEE Control Syst. Mag. 23 , 2003 . Abdelzaher, T. F., Stankovic, J. A., Lu, C., Zhang, R., and Lu, Y. 2003. Feedback performance control in software services. IEEE Control Syst. Mag. 23, 2003.","journal-title":"IEEE Control Syst. Mag."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1182807.1182838"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium.","author":"Caccamo M.","key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Caccamo , M. , Zhang , L. Y. , and Sha , L . 2002. An implicit prioritized access protocol for wireless sensor networks . In Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium. Caccamo, M., Zhang, L. Y., and Sha, L. 2002. An implicit prioritized access protocol for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1062689.1062741"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2005.28"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Franklin G. F. Workman M. L. and Powell D. 1997. Digital Control of Dynamic Systems. Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co. Inc. Boston MA.   Franklin G. F. Workman M. L. and Powell D. 1997. Digital Control of Dynamic Systems. Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co. Inc. Boston MA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1644038.1644040"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RTSS.2009.12"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2006.01.019"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems.","author":"He T.","key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"He , T. , Stankovic , J. , Lu , C. , and Abdelzaher , T . 2003. SPEED: A stateless protocol for real-time communication in sensor networks . In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems. He, T., Stankovic, J., Lu, C., and Abdelzaher, T. 2003. SPEED: A stateless protocol for real-time communication in sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 25th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications.","author":"He T.","key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"He , T. , Vicaire , P. , Yan , T. , Cao , Q. , Zhou , G. , Gu , L. , Luo , L. , Stoleru , R. , Stankovic , J. A. , and Abdelzaher , T. F . 2006. Achieving long-term surveillance in vigilnet . In Proceedings of the 25th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications. He, T., Vicaire, P., Yan, T., Cao, Q., Zhou, G., Gu, L., Luo, L., Stoleru, R., Stankovic, J. A., and Abdelzaher, T. F. 2006. Achieving long-term surveillance in vigilnet. In Proceedings of the 25th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RTSS.2006.40"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1236360.1236365"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1182807.1182830"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium.","author":"Lu C.","key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Lu , C. , Blum , B. M. , Abdelzaher , T. F. , Stankovic , J. A. , and He , T . 2002. RAP: A real-time communication architecture for large-scale wireless sensor networks . In Proceedings of the 8th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium. Lu, C., Blum, B. M., Abdelzaher, T. F., Stankovic, J. A., and He, T. 2002. RAP: A real-time communication architecture for large-scale wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 8th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th International Parallel & Distributed Processing Symposium.","author":"Lu G.","key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Lu , G. , Krishnamachari , B. , and Raghavendra , C. S . 2004. An adaptive energy-efficient and low-latency mac for data gathering in wireless sensor networks . In Proceedings of the 18th International Parallel & Distributed Processing Symposium. Lu, G., Krishnamachari, B., and Raghavendra, C. S. 2004. An adaptive energy-efficient and low-latency mac for data gathering in wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 18th International Parallel & Distributed Processing Symposium."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1454573.1454579"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Systems.","author":"Merlin C.","key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Merlin , C. and Heinzelman , W . 2008. Duty cycle control for low-power-listening mac protocols . In Proceedings of the 5th IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Systems. Merlin, C. and Heinzelman, W. 2008. Duty cycle control for low-power-listening mac protocols. In Proceedings of the 5th IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Systems."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2010.116"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2009.153"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FGCN.2008.108"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.","author":"Ning X.","key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Ning , X. and Cassandras , C . 2008. Optimal dynamic sleep time control in wireless sensor networks . In Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control. Ning, X. and Cassandras, C. 2008. Optimal dynamic sleep time control in wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1031495.1031508"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks.","author":"Polastre J.","key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Polastre , J. , Szewczyk , R. , and Culler , D . 2005. Telos: Enabling ultra-low power wireless research . In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks. Polastre, J., Szewczyk, R., and Culler, D. 2005. Telos: Enabling ultra-low power wireless research. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/958491.958513"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1132905.1132927"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 30th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications.","author":"Tang L.","key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"Tang , L. , Sun , Y. , Gurewitz , O. , and Johnson , D . 2011. PW-MAC: An energy-efficient predictive-wakeup mac protocol for wireless sensor networks . In Proceedings of the 30th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications. Tang, L., Sun, Y., Gurewitz, O., and Johnson, D. 2011. PW-MAC: An energy-efficient predictive-wakeup mac protocol for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 30th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/958491.958512"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/958491.958512"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-00224-3_3"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th International Workshop on Quality of Service.","author":"Wang X.","key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"Wang , X. , Wang , X. , Xing , G. , and Yao , Y . 2010. Dynamic duty cycle control for end-to-end delay guarantees in wireless sensor networks . In Proceedings of the 18th International Workshop on Quality of Service. Wang, X., Wang, X., Xing, G., and Yao, Y. 2010. Dynamic duty cycle control for end-to-end delay guarantees in wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 18th International Workshop on Quality of Service."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/958491.958494"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21st IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications.","author":"Ye W.","key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"Ye , W. , Heidemann , J. , and Estrin , D . 2002. An energy-efficient mac protocol for wireless sensor networks . In Proceedings of the 21st IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications. Ye, W., Heidemann, J., and Estrin, D. 2002. An energy-efficient mac protocol for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 21st IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/958491.958493"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2489253.2489259","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2489253.2489259","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T08:39:21Z","timestamp":1750235961000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2489253.2489259"}},"subtitle":["A dynamic duty-cycle control approach to end-to-end delay guarantees in wireless sensor networks"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2489253.2489259"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2489253.2489259","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-4859","1550-4867"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1550-4859"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1550-4867"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2011-12-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-08-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-07-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}