{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T22:20:40Z","timestamp":1791152440415,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,1]],"date-time":"2013-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1372636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Sen. Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A sensor network is a distributed system where sensor nodes autonomously collect local data and collaborate to solve global problems. Recent work has shown that sensor functionality varies with node temperature. Extreme temperatures can decrease node\/network lifetime by leading to premature hardware failure and reducing battery capacity. Furthermore, high temperatures can increase sensor measurement noise and disrupt communication between overheated sensor nodes, thereby interfering with their ability to contribute valuable information to collaborative tasks.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>In the past, sensor networks only consisted of low-end devices with limited power, computational capabilities, and available bandwidth. Such devices would only experience high temperatures in harsh environments. However, sensor networks are now envisioned for applications that require higher-end devices, such as smart cameras, smart phones, and laptops. The power dissipated by such devices is much larger than low-end sensors and can create thermal emergencies in sensor hardware even in calm environments. In this article, we present unique management opportunities for distributed estimation tasks in sensor networks consisting of high-end devices prone to thermal issues. We attempt to balance both thermal- and performance-related constraints by examining trade-offs between sensor sampling rate, number of sensors, node temperature, and state estimation error. Initially, we devise a scheduling algorithm which can achieve a desired real-time performance constraint while maintaining a thermal limit on temperature assuming identical nodes in the network. Then, we extend the concept to a network consisting of heterogeneous sensor nodes. Analytical results and simulation experiments are done for state estimation with a Kalman filter for simplicity, but our main contributions should easily extend to any form of estimation with measurable error. Results show that our policies can successfully balance the trade-offs between thermal- and performance-related constraints.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>Note that our analyses, schemes, and results are less applicable to low-end sensors whose operation does not cause high node temperature. This work is most suited for high-performance sensors and upper-tier sensors which experience greater workloads.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2489253.2489270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,25]],"date-time":"2013-07-25T19:12:41Z","timestamp":1374779561000},"page":"1-31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Thermal-aware sensor scheduling for distributed estimation"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Domenic","family":"Forte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland, College Park"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ankur","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland, College Park"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2006.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2002.1024422"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2008.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems (MASS). 604--609","author":"Bag A.","unstructured":"Bag , A. and Bassiouni , M . 2006. Energy efficient thermal aware routing algorithms for embedded biomedical sensor networks . In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems (MASS). 604--609 . Bag, A. and Bassiouni, M. 2006. Energy efficient thermal aware routing algorithms for embedded biomedical sensor networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems (MASS). 604--609."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Embedded Networked Sensors (HotEmNets'08)","author":"Bannister K.","unstructured":"Bannister , K. , Giorgetti , G. , and Gupta , S . 2008. Wireless sensor networking for hot applications: Effects of temperature on signal strength, data collection and localization . In Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Embedded Networked Sensors (HotEmNets'08) . Bannister, K., Giorgetti, G., and Gupta, S. 2008. Wireless sensor networking for hot applications: Effects of temperature on signal strength, data collection and localization. In Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Embedded Networked Sensors (HotEmNets'08)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Smart Cameras","author":"Belbachir A.","unstructured":"Belbachir , A. 2009. Smart Cameras . Springer Verlag , Berlin Heidelberg . Belbachir, A. 2009. Smart Cameras. Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2006.55"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Tracking and Kalman Filtering Made Easy","author":"Brookner E.","unstructured":"Brookner , E. 1998. Tracking and Kalman Filtering Made Easy . Wiley , New York, NY . Brookner, E. 1998. Tracking and Kalman Filtering Made Easy. Wiley, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Cormen T. Leiserson C. Rivest R. and Stein C. 2001. Introduction to Algorithms 2nd Ed. McGraw-Hill Science\/Engineering\/Math New York NY.   Cormen T. Leiserson C. Rivest R. and Stein C. 2001. Introduction to Algorithms 2nd Ed. McGraw-Hill Science\/Engineering\/Math New York NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpro.2004.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. IEEE, 1331--1336","author":"Durrant-Whyte H.","unstructured":"Durrant-Whyte , H. , Rao , B. , and Hu , H . 1990. Toward a fully decentralized architecture for multi-sensor data fusion . In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. IEEE, 1331--1336 . Durrant-Whyte, H., Rao, B., and Hu, H. 1990. Toward a fully decentralized architecture for multi-sensor data fusion. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. IEEE, 1331--1336."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/29858"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2004.839619"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/820264.820485"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1236360.1236406"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/345910.345920"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Proceedigs of the 24th International Conference on Image and Vision Computing (IVCNZ'09)","author":"Irie K.","unstructured":"Irie , K. , Woodhead , I. , McKinnon , A. , and Unsworth , K . 2009. Measured effects of temperature on illumination-independent camera noise . In Proceedigs of the 24th International Conference on Image and Vision Computing (IVCNZ'09) . IEEE, 249--253. Irie, K., Woodhead, I., McKinnon, A., and Unsworth, K. 2009. Measured effects of temperature on illumination-independent camera noise. In Proceedigs of the 24th International Conference on Image and Vision Computing (IVCNZ'09). IEEE, 249--253."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2005.852400"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1101149.1101191"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1165573.1165647"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2005.1541430"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/027836499301200102"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2003.1250886"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"An introduction to distributed smart cameras","volume":"96","author":"Rinner B.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rinner , B. and Wolf , W. 2008 . An introduction to distributed smart cameras . Proc. IEEE 96 , 10 . Rinner, B. and Wolf, W. 2008. An introduction to distributed smart cameras. Proc. IEEE 96, 10.","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1089733.1089736"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/381677.381692"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"H {infinity} and Nonlinear Approaches","author":"Simon D.","unstructured":"Simon , D. 2006. Optimal State Estimation: Kalman , H {infinity} and Nonlinear Approaches . John Wiley and Sons , New York, NY . Simon, D. 2006. Optimal State Estimation: Kalman, H {infinity} and Nonlinear Approaches. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/980152.980157"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Proceeding of the International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks. IEEE, 177--186","author":"Srinivasan J.","unstructured":"Srinivasan , J. , Adve , S. , Bose , P. , and Rivers , J . 2004. The impact of technology scaling on lifetime reliability . In Proceeding of the International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks. IEEE, 177--186 . Srinivasan, J., Adve, S., Bose, P., and Rivers, J. 2004. The impact of technology scaling on lifetime reliability. In Proceeding of the International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks. IEEE, 177--186."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11796435_13"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2005.847527"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11502593_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"Wilson J. S. Ed. 2005. Sensor Technology Handbook. Newnes Amsterdom.  Wilson J. S. Ed. 2005. Sensor Technology Handbook. Newnes Amsterdom."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CINC.2009.199"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD'07)","author":"Yeo I.","unstructured":"Yeo , I. , Lee , H. , Kim , E. , and Yum , K . 2007. Effective dynamic thermal management for MPEG-4 decoding . In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD'07) . IEEE, 623--628. Yeo, I., Lee, H., Kim, E., and Yum, K. 2007. Effective dynamic thermal management for MPEG-4 decoding. In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD'07). IEEE, 623--628."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2489253.2489270","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2489253.2489270","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T08:39:21Z","timestamp":1750235961000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2489253.2489270"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2489253.2489270"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2489253.2489270","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-4859","1550-4867"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1550-4859","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-4867","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2011-02-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-07-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-07-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}