{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T13:16:57Z","timestamp":1775913417824,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,1]],"date-time":"2013-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1372636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA9550-09-1-0675"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-09-1-0675"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["60933013, 61035004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["60933013, 61035004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2011CBA00300, 2011CBA00301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2011CBA00300, 2011CBA00301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2011CB302302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2011CB302302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61033001, 61061130540, 61073174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61033001, 61061130540, 61073174"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61073073, 612222212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61073073, 612222212"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Knowl. Discov. Data"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We study how links are formed in social networks. In particular, we focus on investigating how a reciprocal (two-way) link, the basic relationship in social networks, is developed from a parasocial (one-way) relationship and how the relationships further develop into triadic closure, one of the fundamental processes of link formation.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>We first investigate how geographic distance and interactions between users influence the formation of link structure among users. Then we study how social theories including homophily, social balance, and social status are satisfied over networks with parasocial and reciprocal relationships. The study unveils several interesting phenomena. For example, \u201cfriend's friend is a friend\u201d indeed exists in the reciprocal relationship network, but does not hold in the parasocial relationship network.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>We propose a learning framework to formulate the problems of predicting reciprocity and triadic closure into a graphical model. We demonstrate that it is possible to accurately infer 90% of reciprocal relationships in a Twitter network. The proposed model also achieves better performance (+20--30% in terms of F1-measure) than several alternative methods for predicting the triadic closure formation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2499907.2499908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,30]],"date-time":"2013-07-30T13:35:22Z","timestamp":1375191322000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Learning to predict reciprocity and triadic closure in social networks"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Tiancheng","family":"Lou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Hopcroft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhanpeng","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaowen","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1341531.1341549"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1935826.1935914"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI International Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM'10)","author":"Cha M.","unstructured":"Cha , M. , Haddadi , H. , Benevenuto , F. , and Gummadi , P. K . 2010. Measuring user influence in twitter: The million follower fallacy . In Proceedings of the AAAI International Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM'10) . Cha, M., Haddadi, H., Benevenuto, F., and Gummadi, P. K. 2010. Measuring user influence in twitter: The million follower fallacy. In Proceedings of the AAAI International Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM'10)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1006155107"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI'07)","author":"Diehl C. P.","unstructured":"Diehl , C. P. , Namata , G. , and Getoor , L . 2007. Relationship identification for social network discovery . In Proceedings of the 22nd National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI'07) . 546--552. Diehl, C. P., Namata, G., and Getoor, L. 2007. Relationship identification for social network discovery. In Proceedings of the 22nd National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI'07). 546--552."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900282106"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Easley D. and Kleinberg J. 2010. Networks Crowds and Markets: Reasoning about a Highly Connected World. Cambridge University Press.   Easley D. and Kleinberg J. 2010. Networks Crowds and Markets: Reasoning about a Highly Connected World. Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511761942"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Hammersley J. M. and Clifford P. 1971. Markov field on finite graphs and lattices.  Hammersley J. M. and Clifford P. 1971. Markov field on finite graphs and lattices."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Algorithms and Models for the Web Graph (WAW'11)","author":"He J.","unstructured":"He , J. , Hopcroft , J. , Liang , H. , Suwajanakorn , S. , and Wang , L . 2011. Detecting the structure of social networks using (&alpha;, \u03b2)-communities . In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Algorithms and Models for the Web Graph (WAW'11) . He, J., Hopcroft, J., Liang, H., Suwajanakorn, S., and Wang, L. 2011. Detecting the structure of social networks using (&alpha;, \u03b2)-communities. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Algorithms and Models for the Web Graph (WAW'11)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2063576.2063740"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.1956.11023049"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"118","article-title":"Social networks that matter: Twitter under microscope","volume":"14","author":"Huberman B.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Huberman , B. , Romero , D. M. , and Wu , F. 2009 . Social networks that matter: Twitter under microscope . First Monday 14 , 118 -- 138 . Huberman, B., Romero, D. M., and Wu, F. 2009. Social networks that matter: Twitter under microscope. First Monday 14, 118--138.","journal-title":"First Monday"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-00528-2_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289026"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1772690.1772751"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML'01)","author":"Lafferty J. D.","unstructured":"Lafferty , J. D. , Mccallum , A. , and Pereira , F. C. N. 2001. Conditional random fields: Probabilistic models for segmenting and labeling sequence data . In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML'01) . 282--289. Lafferty, J. D., Mccallum, A., and Pereira, F. C. N. 2001. Conditional random fields: Probabilistic models for segmenting and labeling sequence data. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML'01). 282--289."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"Lazarsfeld P. F. and Merton R. K. 1954. Friendship as a social process: A substantive and methodological analysis. In Freedom and Control in Modern Society M. Berger T. Abel and C. H. Page Eds. Van Nostrand New York 8--66.  Lazarsfeld P. F. and Merton R. K. 1954. Friendship as a social process: A substantive and methodological analysis. In Freedom and Control in Modern Society M. Berger T. Abel and C. H. Page Eds. Van Nostrand New York 8--66."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1772690.1772756"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.v58:7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1835804.1835837"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1807167.1807306"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI'99)","author":"Murphy K. P.","unstructured":"Murphy , K. P. , Weiss , Y. , and Jordan , M. I . 1999. Loopy belief propagation for approximate inference: An empirical study . In Proceedings of the 15th Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI'99) . 467--475. Murphy, K. P., Weiss, Y., and Jordan, M. I. 1999. Loopy belief propagation for approximate inference: An empirical study. In Proceedings of the 15th Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI'99). 467--475."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Clustering and preferential attachment in growing networks","volume":"64","author":"Newman M. E. J.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Newman , M. E. J. 2001 . Clustering and preferential attachment in growing networks . Phys. Rev. E64 , 2, 25 -- 102 . Newman, M. E. J. 2001. Clustering and preferential attachment in growing networks. Phys. Rev. E64, 2, 25--102.","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Page L. Brin S. Motwani R. and Winograd T. 1999. The pagerank citation ranking: Bringing order to the web. Tech. rep. SIDL-WP-1999-0120 Stanford University.  Page L. Brin S. Motwani R. and Winograd T. 1999. The pagerank citation ranking: Bringing order to the web. Tech. rep. SIDL-WP-1999-0120 Stanford University."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI International Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM'10)","author":"Romero D. M.","unstructured":"Romero , D. M. and Kleinberg , J. M . 2010. The directed closure process in hybrid social-information networks, with an analysis of link formation on twitter . In Proceedings of the AAAI International Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM'10) . Romero, D. M. and Kleinberg, J. M. 2010. The directed closure process in hybrid social-information networks, with an analysis of link formation on twitter. In Proceedings of the AAAI International Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM'10)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1772690.1772777"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2020408.2020614"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1835804.1835936"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2124295.2124382"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1557019.1557108"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2339530.2339730"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the European Conference on Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases (ECML\/PKDD'11)","author":"Tang W.","unstructured":"Tang , W. , Zhuang , H. , and Tang , J . 2011. Learning to infer social ties in large networks . In Proceedings of the European Conference on Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases (ECML\/PKDD'11) . 381--397. Tang, W., Zhuang, H., and Tang, J. 2011. Learning to infer social ties in large networks. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases (ECML\/PKDD'11). 381--397."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1835804.1835833"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM.2007.108"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"W.G. \u2018Weber: Selections in Translation\u2019","author":"Weber M.","unstructured":"Weber , M. 1991. The Nature of Social Action in Runciman , W.G. \u2018Weber: Selections in Translation\u2019 . Cambridge University Press . Weber, M. 1991. The Nature of Social Action in Runciman, W.G. \u2018Weber: Selections in Translation\u2019. Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1718487.1718520"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1963405.1963504"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI'03)","author":"Xing E. P.","unstructured":"Xing , E. P. , Jordan , M. I. , and Russell , S . 2003. A generalized mean field algorithm for variational inference in exponential families . In Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI'03) . 583--591. Xing, E. P., Jordan, M. I., and Russell, S. 2003. A generalized mean field algorithm for variational inference in exponential families. In Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI'03). 583--591."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1871437.1871691"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10618-012-0274-x"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2499907.2499908","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2499907.2499908","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T07:33:59Z","timestamp":1750232039000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2499907.2499908"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2499907.2499908"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2499907.2499908","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-4681","1556-472X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-4681","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-472X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-03-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-10-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-08-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}