{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:19:39Z","timestamp":1750306779389,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,1]],"date-time":"2013-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1375315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The growing need for text mining systems, such as opinion mining, requires a deep semantic understanding of the target language. In order to accomplish this, extracting the semantic information of functional expressions plays a crucial role, because functional expressions such as<jats:italic>would like to<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>can\u2019t<\/jats:italic>are key expressions to detecting customers\u2019 needs and wants. However, in Japanese, functional expressions appear in the form of suffixes, and two different types of functional expressions are merged into one predicate: one influences the factual meaning of the predicate while the other is merely used for discourse purposes. This triggers an increase in surface forms, which hinders information extraction systems. In this article, we present a novel normalization technique that paraphrases complex functional expressions into simplified forms that retain only the crucial meaning of the predicate. We construct paraphrasing rules based on linguistic theories in syntax and semantics. The results of experiments indicate that our system achieves a high accuracy of 79.7%, while it reduces the differences in functional expressions by up to 66.7%. The results also show an improvement in the performance of predicate extraction, providing encouraging evidence of the usability of paraphrasing as a means of normalizing different language expressions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2499955.2499959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,20]],"date-time":"2013-08-20T14:07:13Z","timestamp":1377007633000},"page":"1-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Normalizing Complex Functional Expressions in Japanese Predicates"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Tomoko","family":"Izumi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NTT Media Intelligence Laboratories, NTT Corporation"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Imamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NTT Media Intelligence Laboratories, NTT Corporation"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taichi","family":"Asami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NTT Media Intelligence Laboratories, NTT Corporation"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kuniko","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NTT Media Intelligence Laboratories, NTT Corporation"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Genichiro","family":"Kikui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NTT Corporation"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nagoya University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199243709.001.0001","volume-title":"Core Syntax: A Minimalist Approach","author":"Adger D.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Adger , D. 2003 . Core Syntax: A Minimalist Approach . Oxford University Press , Oxford UK . Adger, D. 2003. Core Syntax: A Minimalist Approach. Oxford University Press, Oxford UK."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1118984.1118990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Meaning and Grammar: An Introduction to Semantics","author":"Chierchia G.","unstructured":"Chierchia , G. and McConnell-Ginet , S. 2000. Meaning and Grammar: An Introduction to Semantics 2 nd Ed., The MIT Press , Cambridge, MA . Chierchia, G. and McConnell-Ginet, S. 2000. Meaning and Grammar: An Introduction to Semantics 2nd Ed., The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.","edition":"2"},{"volume-title":"Restructuring and Functional Heads: The Cartography of Syntactic Structures","author":"Cinque G.","key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Cinque , G. 2006. Restructuring and Functional Heads: The Cartography of Syntactic Structures . Vol. 4 . Oxford University Press , New York, NY . Cinque, G. 2006. Restructuring and Functional Heads: The Cartography of Syntactic Structures. Vol. 4. Oxford University Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/prag.18.3.04hau"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the International Conference on Natural Language Processing (ACL-IJCNLP\u201909)","author":"Hong G.","key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Hong , G. , Lee , S.-W. , and Rim , H . -C. 2009. Bridging morpho-syntactic gap between source and target sentences for English-Korean statistical machine translation . In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the International Conference on Natural Language Processing (ACL-IJCNLP\u201909) . 233--236. Hong, G., Lee, S.-W., and Rim, H.-C. 2009. Bridging morpho-syntactic gap between source and target sentences for English-Korean statistical machine translation. 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In Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Association for Natural Language Processing. 308--311."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WIIAT.2008.373"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Theory to Applications, 63--71","author":"Izumi T.","key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Izumi , T. , Imamura , K. , Kikui , G. , and Sato , S . 2010. Standardizing complex functional expressions in Japanese predicates: Applying theoretically-based paraphrasing rules . In Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Theory to Applications, 63--71 . Izumi, T., Imamura, K., Kikui, G., and Sato, S. 2010. Standardizing complex functional expressions in Japanese predicates: Applying theoretically-based paraphrasing rules. 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Harley Eds., Department of Linguistics, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 251--270."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2499955.2499959","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2499955.2499959","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T07:34:00Z","timestamp":1750232040000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2499955.2499959"}},"subtitle":["Linguistically-Directed Rule-Based Paraphrasing and Its Application"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2499955.2499959"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2499955.2499959","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-0226","1558-3430"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1530-0226"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1558-3430"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-10-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-10-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-08-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}