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Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            This paper introduces a novel\n            <jats:italic>content-adaptive<\/jats:italic>\n            image downscaling method. The key idea is to optimize the shape and locations of the downsampling kernels to better align with local image features. Our content-adaptive kernels are formed as a bilateral combination of two Gaussian kernels defined over space and color, respectively. This yields a continuum ranging from smoothing to edge\/detail preserving kernels driven by image content. We optimize these kernels to represent the input image well, by finding an output image from which the input can be well reconstructed. This is technically realized as an iterative maximum-likelihood optimization using a constrained variation of the Expectation-Maximization algorithm. In comparison to previous downscaling algorithms, our results remain crisper without suffering from ringing artifacts. Besides natural images, our algorithm is also effective for creating\n            <jats:italic>pixel art<\/jats:italic>\n            images from vector graphics inputs, due to its ability to keep linear features sharp\n            <jats:italic>and<\/jats:italic>\n            connected.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2508363.2508370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,6]],"date-time":"2013-11-06T14:09:19Z","timestamp":1383746959000},"page":"1-8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Content-adaptive image downscaling"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Johannes","family":"Kopf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ariel","family":"Shamir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Interdisciplinary Center"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pieter","family":"Peers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of William &amp; Mary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2012.120"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1276377.1276390"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.1000236"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering (NPAR), 29--36","author":"Gerstner T.","unstructured":"Gerstner , T. , DeCarlo , D. , Alexa , M. , Finkelstein , A. , Gingold , Y. , and Nealen , A . 2012. Pixelated image abstraction . Proceedings of the International Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering (NPAR), 29--36 . Gerstner, T., DeCarlo, D., Alexa, M., Finkelstein, A., Gingold, Y., and Nealen, A. 2012. Pixelated image abstraction. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering (NPAR), 29--36."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02985802"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering, 21--28","author":"Inglis T. C.","unstructured":"Inglis , T. C. , and Kaplan , C. S . 2012. Pixelating vector line art . Proceedings of the Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering, 21--28 . Inglis, T. C., and Kaplan, C. S. 2012. Pixelating vector line art. Proceedings of the Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering, 21--28."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Geometry Processing (SGP","author":"Karni Z.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Karni , Z. , Freedman , D. , and Gotsman , C . 2009. Energy-based image deformation . Proceedings of the Symposium on Geometry Processing (SGP 2009 ), 1257--1268. Karni, Z., Freedman, D., and Gotsman, C. 2009. Energy-based image deformation. Proceedings of the Symposium on Geometry Processing (SGP 2009), 1257--1268."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR","author":"Liu T.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Liu , T. , Sun , J. , Zheng , N.-N. , Tang , X. , and Shum , H . -Y. 2007. Learning to detect a salient object . Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR 2007 ), 1--8. Liu, T., Sun, J., Zheng, N.-N., Tang, X., and Shum, H.-Y. 2007. Learning to detect a salient object. Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR 2007), 1--8."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2012.03141.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"Nehab D. and Hoppe H. 2011. Generalized sampling for computer graphics. Tech. rep. feb.  Nehab D. and Hoppe H. 2011. Generalized sampling for computer graphics. Tech. rep. feb."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1531326.1531329"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP","author":"Samadani R.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Samadani , R. , Lim , S. H. , and Tretter , D . 2007. Representative image thumbnails for good browsing . Proceedings of the International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP 2007 ), 193--196. Samadani, R., Lim, S. H., and Tretter, D. 2007. Representative image thumbnails for good browsing. Proceedings of the International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP 2007), 193--196."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Communication in the presence of noise","volume":"37","author":"Shannon C. E.","year":"1949","unstructured":"Shannon , C. E. 1949 . Communication in the presence of noise . Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 37 , 1, 10 -- 21 . Shannon, C. E. 1949. Communication in the presence of noise. Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 37, 1, 10--21.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/964696.964707"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV '98)","author":"Tomasi C.","unstructured":"Tomasi , C. , and Manduchi , R . 1998. Bilateral filtering for gray and color images . Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV '98) , 836--846. 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