{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T15:21:28Z","timestamp":1782314488454,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]],"date-time":"2013-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000879","name":"Alfred P. Sloan Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000879","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000185","name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000185","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Time of flight cameras produce real-time range maps at a relatively low cost using continuous wave amplitude modulation and demodulation. However, they are geared to measure range (or phase) for a single reflected bounce of light and suffer from systematic errors due to multipath interference.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>We re-purpose the conventional time of flight device for a new goal: to recover per-pixel sparse time profiles expressed as a sequence of impulses. With this modification, we show that we can not only address multipath interference but also enable new applications such as recovering depth of near-transparent surfaces, looking through diffusers and creating time-profile movies of sweeping light.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>Our key idea is to formulate the forward amplitude modulated light propagation as a convolution with custom codes, record samples by introducing a simple sequence of electronic time delays, and perform sparse deconvolution to recover sequences of Diracs that correspond to multipath returns. Applications to computer vision include ranging of near-transparent objects and subsurface imaging through diffusers. Our low cost prototype may lead to new insights regarding forward and inverse problems in light transport.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2508363.2508428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,6]],"date-time":"2013-11-06T14:09:19Z","timestamp":1383746959000},"page":"1-10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":196,"title":["Coded time of flight cameras"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Achuta","family":"Kadambi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Refael","family":"Whyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Waikato, Waikato, NZ and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayush","family":"Bhandari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Streeter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Waikato, Waikato, NZ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Barsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Dorrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Waikato, Waikato, NZ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramesh","family":"Raskar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"1980 Los Angeles Technical Symposium, International Society for Optics and Photonics, 140--143","author":"Abramson N.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Abramson , N. 1980 . Light-in-flight recording by holography . In 1980 Los Angeles Technical Symposium, International Society for Optics and Photonics, 140--143 . Abramson, N. 1980. Light-in-flight recording by holography. In 1980 Los Angeles Technical Symposium, International Society for Optics and Photonics, 140--143."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"405","article-title":"Method and system to avoid inter-system interference for phase-based time-of-flight systems, July 29","volume":"7","author":"Bamji C.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bamji , C. , , 2008 . Method and system to avoid inter-system interference for phase-based time-of-flight systems, July 29 . US Patent 7 , 405 ,812. Bamji, C., et al., 2008. Method and system to avoid inter-system interference for phase-based time-of-flight systems, July 29. US Patent 7,405,812.","journal-title":"US Patent"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2503385.2503436"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2008.929920"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"1512","article-title":"Robust optical time-of-flight range imaging based on smart pixel structures. Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"55","author":"Buttgen B.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Buttgen , B. , and Seitz , P. 2008 . Robust optical time-of-flight range imaging based on smart pixel structures. Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers , IEEE Transactions on 55 , 6, 1512 -- 1525 . Buttgen, B., and Seitz, P. 2008. Robust optical time-of-flight range imaging based on smart pixel structures. Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, IEEE Transactions on 55, 6, 1512--1525.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carnegie D. A. McClymont J. Jongenelen A. 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