{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T11:11:05Z","timestamp":1771326665226,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]],"date-time":"2013-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1385856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Competition is useful in game-based learning, although it can also generate negative influences. To expand the potential for competition models in game-based learning, this study proposes the notion of surrogate competition, which eliminates direct competition between students. Such surrogates could be employed as buffers so that the competition between students is more relaxed. To explore the possible benefits of a surrogate approach to competition, the My-Pet-My-Arena system has been developed and evaluated. Two empirical studies were conducted to examine the effects of the surrogate competition. The results revealed that surrogate competition enhanced students\u2019 learning achievement as well as increased their motivation. Furthermore, the surrogate competition might also assist students in attributing competitive failures to a lack of effort. Working from the results obtained in these two studies, a general model of surrogate competition is proposed to help designers implement forms of surrogate competition in other systems for game-based learning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2524264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,14]],"date-time":"2014-01-14T13:39:57Z","timestamp":1389706797000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A surrogate competition approach to enhancing game-based learning"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Zhi-Hong","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yuan Ze University, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Sherry Y.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Central University, Taiwan"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-476X(90)90027-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Springer-Verlag, 643--650","author":"Chan T. W.","unstructured":"T. W. Chan , Y. L. Chung , R. G. Ho , W. J. Hou , and G. L. Lin . 1992. Distributed learning companion systems\u2014WEST revisited . In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Springer-Verlag, 643--650 . T. W. Chan, Y. L. Chung, R. G. Ho, W. J. Hou, and G. L. Lin. 1992. Distributed learning companion systems\u2014WEST revisited. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Springer-Verlag, 643--650."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DIGITEL.2007.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"343","article-title":"EduBingo: Developing a content sample for the one-to-one classroom by the content-first design approach","volume":"12","author":"Chang S. B.","year":"2009","unstructured":"S. B. Chang , C. J. Liu , E. Ching , H. N. H. Cheng , B. Chang , F. C. Chen , D. Wu , and T. W. Chan . 2009 . EduBingo: Developing a content sample for the one-to-one classroom by the content-first design approach . Educational Technology and Society 12 , 3, 343 -- 353 . S. B. Chang, C. J. Liu, E. Ching, H. N. H. Cheng, B. Chang, F. C. Chen, D. Wu, and T. W. Chan. 2009. EduBingo: Developing a content sample for the one-to-one classroom by the content-first design approach. Educational Technology and Society 12, 3, 343--353.","journal-title":"Educational Technology and Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1435369.1435373"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2009.01003.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2009.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/016235328901200405"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Cognitive Apprenticeship: Teaching the crafts of reading, writing and mathematics","author":"Collins A.","year":"1989","unstructured":"A. Collins , J. S. Brown , and S. E. Newman . 1989 . Cognitive Apprenticeship: Teaching the crafts of reading, writing and mathematics . In L. B. Resnick (Ed.), Knowing, Learning and Instruction: Essays in Honor of Robert Glaser. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates , Hillsdale, NJ. A. Collins, J. S. Brown, and S. E. Newman. 1989. Cognitive Apprenticeship: Teaching the crafts of reading, writing and mathematics. In L. B. Resnick (Ed.), Knowing, Learning and Instruction: Essays in Honor of Robert Glaser. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience","author":"Csikszentmihalyi M.","year":"1990","unstructured":"M. Csikszentmihalyi . 1990 . Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience . Harper & Row , New York . M. Csikszentmihalyi. 1990. Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. Harper & Row, New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"G. Davis and S. Rimm. 1985. Education of the Gifted and Talented. Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs NJ.  G. Davis and S. Rimm. 1985. Education of the Gifted and Talented. Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs NJ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014616728171012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"The Annual Meeting of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology","author":"Dempsey J.","unstructured":"J. Dempsey , K. Rasmussen , and B. Lucassen . 1994. Instructional gaming: Implications for instructional technology . The Annual Meeting of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology , Nashville, TN, 16--20. J. Dempsey, K. Rasmussen, and B. Lucassen. 1994. Instructional gaming: Implications for instructional technology. The Annual Meeting of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology, Nashville, TN, 16--20."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02504866"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-006-9004-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Essays in Social Psychology","author":"Dweck C.","unstructured":"C. Dweck . 2000. Self-Theories: Their Role in Motivation, Personality, and Development , Essays in Social Psychology . Psychology Press, Philadelphia , PA. C. Dweck. 2000. Self-Theories: Their Role in Motivation, Personality, and Development, Essays in Social Psychology. Psychology Press, Philadelphia, PA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2008.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"What Video Games Have to Teach Us About Learning and Literacy","author":"Gee J. P.","unstructured":"J. P. Gee . 2003. What Video Games Have to Teach Us About Learning and Literacy ( 1 st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan , New York . J. P. Gee. 2003. What Video Games Have to Teach Us About Learning and Literacy (1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan, New York.","edition":"1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"E. Hatch and A. Lazaraton. 1991. The Research Manual: Design and Statistics for Applied Linguistics. Newbury House New York.  E. Hatch and A. Lazaraton. 1991. The Research Manual: Design and Statistics for Applied Linguistics. Newbury House New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Digital Games Research Association (DIGRA\u201907)","author":"Kafai Y. B.","unstructured":"Y. B. Kafai , D. A. Fields , and M. S. Cook . 2007. Your second selves: Resources, agency and constraints in avatar design in a tween online world . In Proceedings of the Digital Games Research Association (DIGRA\u201907) . 31--39. Y. B. Kafai, D. A. Fields, and M. S. Cook. 2007. Your second selves: Resources, agency and constraints in avatar design in a tween online world. In Proceedings of the Digital Games Research Association (DIGRA\u201907). 31--39."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2006.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-008-9086-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-008-9048-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Effectiveness of Intelligent Tutoring Tools Interfaces in Relation to Student, Learning Topic and Curriculum Characteristics. Unpublished doctoral dissertation","unstructured":"Kinshuk. 1996. Effectiveness of Intelligent Tutoring Tools Interfaces in Relation to Student, Learning Topic and Curriculum Characteristics. Unpublished doctoral dissertation . De Montfort University . Kinshuk. 1996. Effectiveness of Intelligent Tutoring Tools Interfaces in Relation to Student, Learning Topic and Curriculum Characteristics. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. De Montfort University."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Artificial Life 7 Workshop. 141--144","author":"Kusahara M.","year":"2000","unstructured":"M. Kusahara . 2000 . The art of creating subjective reality: An analysis of Japanese digital pets . In Proceedings of the Artificial Life 7 Workshop. 141--144 . M. Kusahara. 2000. The art of creating subjective reality: An analysis of Japanese digital pets. In Proceedings of the Artificial Life 7 Workshop. 141--144."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"K. S. Lee and Y. F. Tse. 1994. Hanyu Characteristics and Usage. Hong Kong University Press Hong Kong.  K. S. Lee and Y. F. Tse. 1994. Hanyu Characteristics and Usage. Hong Kong University Press Hong Kong."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15213260903287242"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2729.1998.1410002.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"III: Conative and Affective Process Analysis.","author":"Malone T. W.","year":"1987","unstructured":"T. W. Malone and M. R. Lepper . 1987 . Making learning fun: A taxonomy of intrinsic motivations for learning. In R. E. Snow and M. J. Farr (Eds.), Aptitude, Learning, and Instruction, III: Conative and Affective Process Analysis. Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates , Hillsdale, NJ, 223--225. T. W. Malone and M. R. Lepper. 1987. Making learning fun: A taxonomy of intrinsic motivations for learning. In R. E. Snow and M. J. Farr (Eds.), Aptitude, Learning, and Instruction, III: Conative and Affective Process Analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 223--225."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Competition: In need of a theory","author":"Martens R.","year":"1976","unstructured":"R. Martens . 1976 . Competition: In need of a theory . In D. M. Landers (Ed.), Social Problems in Athletics. University of Illinois Press , Urbana, IL, 9--14 R. Martens. 1976. Competition: In need of a theory. In D. M. Landers (Ed.), Social Problems in Athletics. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL, 9--14"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.110.3.472"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/274644.274667"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Digital Game-Based Learning","author":"Prensky M.","unstructured":"M. Prensky . 2001. Digital Game-Based Learning . McGraw-Hill , New York . M. Prensky. 2001. Digital Game-Based Learning. McGraw-Hill, New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2008.00823_2.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1121112.1121113"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Interaction Design: Beyond Human-Computer Interaction","author":"Sharp H.","year":"2007","unstructured":"H. Sharp , Y. Rogers , and J. Preece . 2007 . Interaction Design: Beyond Human-Computer Interaction . Wiley, Hoboken , NJ. H. Sharp, Y. Rogers, and J. Preece. 2007. Interaction Design: Beyond Human-Computer Interaction. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Cooperative Learning: Theory, Research, and Practice","author":"Slavin R. E.","unstructured":"R. E. Slavin . 1990. Cooperative Learning: Theory, Research, and Practice . Prentice-Hall , Englewood Cliffs, NJ . R. E. Slavin. 1990. Cooperative Learning: Theory, Research, and Practice. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.88.6.1029"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"P. Stephen and S. Hornby. 1997. Simple Statistics for Library and Information Professionals. Library Association London UK.  P. Stephen and S. Hornby. 1997. Simple Statistics for Library and Information Professionals. Library Association London UK."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"My Avatar","author":"Waggoner Z.","unstructured":"Z. Waggoner . 2009. My Avatar , My Self : Identity in Video Role-Playing Games. McFarland, Jefferson, NC. Z. Waggoner. 2009. My Avatar, My Self: Identity in Video Role-Playing Games. McFarland, Jefferson, NC."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.92.4.548"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"An Attributional Theory of Motivation and Emotion","author":"Weiner B.","unstructured":"B. Weiner . 1986. An Attributional Theory of Motivation and Emotion . Springer-Verlag , New York . B. Weiner. 1986. An Attributional Theory of Motivation and Emotion. Springer-Verlag, New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1976.tb00583.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Students\u2019 personal and social meaning making in a Chinese idiom mobile learning environment","volume":"13","author":"Wong L. H.","year":"2010","unstructured":"L. H. Wong , C. K. Chih , C. L. Tan , and M. Liu . 2010 a. Students\u2019 personal and social meaning making in a Chinese idiom mobile learning environment . Journal of Educational Technology and Society 13 , 4, 15 -- 26 . L. H. Wong, C. K. Chih, C. L. Tan, and M. Liu. 2010a. Students\u2019 personal and social meaning making in a Chinese idiom mobile learning environment. Journal of Educational Technology and Society 13, 4, 15--26.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Technology and Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Computers in Education. 352--359","author":"Wong L. H.","unstructured":"L. H. Wong , C. K. Chih , C. L. Tan , M. Liu , and Y. Zhan . 2010b. Analysis of the learner content creation process in a 1:1 seamless idiom learning environment . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computers in Education. 352--359 . L. H. Wong, C. K. Chih, C. L. Tan, M. Liu, and Y. Zhan. 2010b. Analysis of the learner content creation process in a 1:1 seamless idiom learning environment. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computers in Education. 352--359."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DIGITEL.2007.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0266-4909.2002.00245.x"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2524264","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2524264","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T08:10:11Z","timestamp":1750234211000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2524264"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2524264"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2524264","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-0516","1557-7325"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-0516","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7325","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2011-10-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-09-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-12-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}