{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:19:41Z","timestamp":1750306781678,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]],"date-time":"2013-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1380585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Task automation systems promise to increase human productivity by assisting us with our mundane and difficult tasks. These systems often rely on people to (1)\n            <jats:italic>identify the tasks<\/jats:italic>\n            they want automated and (2)\n            <jats:italic>specify the procedural steps<\/jats:italic>\n            necessary to accomplish those tasks (i.e., to create task models). However, our interviews with users of a Web task automation system reveal that people find it difficult to identify tasks to automate and most do not even believe they perform repetitive tasks worthy of automation. Furthermore, even when automatable tasks are identified, the well-recognized difficulties of specifying task steps often prevent people from taking advantage of these automation systems.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>In this research, we analyze real Web usage data and find that people do in fact repeat behaviors on the Web and that automating these behaviors, regardless of their complexity, would reduce the overall number of actions people need to perform when completing their tasks, potentially saving time. Motivated by these findings, we developed LiveAction, a fully-automated approach to generating task models from Web usage data. LiveAction models can be used to populate the task model repositories required by many automation systems, helping us take advantage of automation in our everyday lives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2533670.2533672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,6]],"date-time":"2013-11-06T14:09:19Z","timestamp":1383746959000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["LiveAction"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Saleema","family":"Amershi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jalal","family":"Mahmud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBM Research Almaden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Nichols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBM Research Almaden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tessa","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Willow Garage"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"German Attanasio","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBM Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1518909"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 22th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI\u201907)","author":"Allen James","year":"2007","unstructured":"James Allen , Nathanael Chambers , George Ferguson , Lucian Galescu , Hyuckchul Jung , Mary Swift , and William Taysom . 2007 . PLOW: A collaborative task learning agent . In Proceedings of the 22th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI\u201907) . AAAI Press, 1514--1519. James Allen, Nathanael Chambers, George Ferguson, Lucian Galescu, Hyuckchul Jung, Mary Swift, and William Taysom. 2007. PLOW: A collaborative task learning agent. In Proceedings of the 22th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI\u201907). AAAI Press, 1514--1519."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"211","article-title":"Task analysis and training design","volume":"41","author":"Annett John","year":"1967","unstructured":"John Annett and Keith D. Duncan . 1967 . Task analysis and training design . Occup. Psych. 41 , 211 -- 221 . John Annett and Keith D. Duncan. 1967. Task analysis and training design. Occup. Psych. 41, 211--221.","journal-title":"Occup. Psych."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/347319.346340"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1095034.1095067"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/829519.830817"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Morgan","author":"Card Stuart K.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Stuart K. Card , Allen Newell , and Thomas P . Morgan . 1983 . The Psychology of Human Computer Interaction. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc ., Hillsdale, NJ. Stuart K. Card, Allen Newell, and Thomas P. Morgan. 1983. The Psychology of Human Computer Interaction. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc., Hillsdale, NJ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Semantic Desktop Workshop.","author":"Chaudri Vinay K.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vinay K. Chaudri , Adam Cheyer , Richard Guili , Bill Jarrold , Karen L. Myers , and John Niekrasz . 2006 . A case study in engineering a knowledge base for an intelligent personal assistant . In Proceedings of the Semantic Desktop Workshop. Vinay K. Chaudri, Adam Cheyer, Richard Guili, Bill Jarrold, Karen L. Myers, and John Niekrasz. 2006. A case study in engineering a knowledge base for an intelligent personal assistant. In Proceedings of the Semantic Desktop Workshop."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.2001.0459"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/108844.108850"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1040830.1040855"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753426"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/107215.128716"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/500737.500748"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1943403.1943439"},{"volume-title":"Algorithms on Strings, Trees, and Sequences: Computer Science and Computational Biology","author":"Gusfield Dan","key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Dan Gusfield . 1997. Algorithms on Strings, Trees, and Sequences: Computer Science and Computational Biology . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge, UK . Dan Gusfield. 1997. Algorithms on Strings, Trees, and Sequences: Computer Science and Computational Biology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/503376.503420"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/371578.371593"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Ullman","author":"Hopcroft John E.","year":"2006","unstructured":"John E. Hopcroft , Rajeev Motwani , and Jeffrey D . Ullman . 2006 . Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation 3rd Ed. Addison-Wesley . John E. Hopcroft, Rajeev Motwani, and Jeffrey D. Ullman. 2006. Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation 3rd Ed. Addison-Wesley."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/320719.322590"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1294211.1294226"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/503112.503114"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11527886_15"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:MACH.0000035473.11134.83"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/360402.360406"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/964442.964464"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21st International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI\u201909)","author":"Lau Tessa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tessa Lau , Clemens Drews , and Jeffrey Nichols . 2009 . Interpreting written how-to instructions . In Proceedings of the 21st International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI\u201909) . Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA, 1433--1438. Tessa Lau, Clemens Drews, and Jeffrey Nichols. 2009. Interpreting written how-to instructions. In Proceedings of the 21st International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI\u201909). Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA, 1433--1438."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1866029.1866067"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753432"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1357054.1357323"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDMW.2009.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1719970.1719994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1526709.1526826"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1111449.1111492"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218194003001275"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (INTERACT\u201997)","author":"Patern\u00f2 Fabio","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fabio Patern\u00f2 , Cristiano Mancini , and Silvia Meniconi . 1997 . ConcurTaskTree: A diagrammatic notation for specifying task models . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (INTERACT\u201997) . Chapman & Hall, Ltd., London, UK, 362--369. Fabio Patern\u00f2, Cristiano Mancini, and Silvia Meniconi. 1997. ConcurTaskTree: A diagrammatic notation for specifying task models. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (INTERACT\u201997). Chapman & Hall, Ltd., London, UK, 362--369."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026238916441"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1251480.1251493"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1502650.1502690"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1111449.1111473"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1502650.1502706"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1281480.1281482"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2533670.2533672","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2533670.2533672","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T07:34:05Z","timestamp":1750232045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2533670.2533672"}},"subtitle":["Automating Web Task Model Generation"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2533670.2533672"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2533670.2533672","relation":{},"ISSN":["2160-6455","2160-6463"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2160-6455"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2160-6463"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-01-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-03-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-10-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}