{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T02:42:53Z","timestamp":1784169773555,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]],"date-time":"2013-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0349\/IP2\/2011\/71 and 2011\/01\/D\/ST7\/05054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0349\/IP2\/2011\/71 and 2011\/01\/D\/ST7\/05054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Comput. Surv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Steganography is an ancient art that encompasses various techniques of information hiding, the aim of which is to embed secret information into a carrier message. Steganographic methods are usually aimed at hiding the very existence of the communication. Due to the rise in popularity of IP telephony, together with the large volume of data and variety of protocols involved, it is currently attracting the attention of the research community as a perfect carrier for steganographic purposes. This article is a first survey of the existing Voice over IP (VoIP) steganography methods and their countermeasures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2543581.2543587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,7]],"date-time":"2014-01-07T14:49:19Z","timestamp":1389106159000},"page":"1-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["VoIP steganography and its Detection\u2014A survey"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Mazurczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Warsaw University of Technology, Poland, Nowowiejska"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems (ISPACS\u201903)","author":"Aoki N.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TENCON.2004.1414704"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IIH-MSP.2007.243"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IIH-MSP.2008.122"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NCM.2009.143"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IIHMSP.2010.136"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2012.456"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IIH-MSP.2008.169"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1147\/sj.353.0313"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2006.1705881"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"737","article-title":"A novel covert speech communication system and its implementation","volume":"25","author":"Deng Z.","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Electron."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of SPIE 2005","volume":"5681","author":"Dittmann J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"DoD \u201cOrange Book.\u201d 1985. Trusted computer system evaluation criteria. Tech. rep. DOD 5200.28-STD. National Computer Security Center.  DoD \u201cOrange Book.\u201d 1985. Trusted computer system evaluation criteria. Tech. rep. DOD 5200.28-STD. National Computer Security Center."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Druid. 2007. Real-time steganography with RTP. Tech. rep. http:\/\/www.uninformed.org\/&quest;v&equals;8&a&equals;&equals;3&t&equals;&equals;pdf.  Druid. 2007. Real-time steganography with RTP. Tech. rep. http:\/\/www.uninformed.org\/&quest;v&equals;8&a&equals;&equals;3&t&equals;&equals;pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Forbes C. R. 2009. A new covert channel over RTP. Master's thesis Rochester Institute of Technology. https:\/\/ritdml.rit.edu\/bitstream\/handle\/1850\/12883\/CForbesThesis8-21-2009.pdf&quest;sequence&equals;1.  Forbes C. R. 2009. A new covert channel over RTP. Master's thesis Rochester Institute of Technology. https:\/\/ritdml.rit.edu\/bitstream\/handle\/1850\/12883\/CForbesThesis8-21-2009.pdf&quest;sequence&equals;1."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fridrich J. 2010. Steganography in Digital Media\u2014Principles Algorithms and Applications. Cambridge University Press.   Fridrich J. 2010. Steganography in Digital Media\u2014Principles Algorithms and Applications. Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139192903"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 45th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS). 1--6.","author":"Garateguy G."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Voice Communication (SprachKommunikation). 1--4.","author":"Geiser B."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2010.46"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SSIRI.2011.24"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2011.2108649"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2010.0348"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-ifs.2010.0032"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IIH-MSP.2008.174"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","first-page":"357","article-title":"Key distribution over the covert communication based on VoIP","volume":"20","author":"Huang Y.","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Electron."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"Janicki A. Mazurczyk W. and Szczypiorski K. 2012a. Influence of speech codecs selection on transcoding steganography. In Computing Research Repository (CoRR) abs\/1201.6218 arXiv.org E-print archive. Cornell University Ithaca NY. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1201.6218.  Janicki A. Mazurczyk W. and Szczypiorski K. 2012a. Influence of speech codecs selection on transcoding steganography. In Computing Research Repository (CoRR) abs\/1201.6218 arXiv.org E-print archive. Cornell University Ithaca NY. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1201.6218."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"Janicki A. Mazurczyk W. and Szczypiorski K. 2012b. Steganalysis of transcoding steganography. In Computing Research Repository (CoRR) abs\/1210.5888 arXiv.org E-print archive. Cornell University Ithaca NY. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1210.5888.  Janicki A. Mazurczyk W. and Szczypiorski K. 2012b. Steganalysis of transcoding steganography. In Computing Research Repository (CoRR) abs\/1210.5888 arXiv.org E-print archive. Cornell University Ithaca NY. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1210.5888."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM. 2195--2203","author":"Jia W."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS\u201906)","author":"Kr\u00e4tzer C."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th Annual Symposium of the Electronic Imaging Science and Technology, SPIE and IS&T","author":"Kkr\u00e4tzer C."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Information Hiding (IH\u201907)","author":"Kr\u00e4tzer C."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Electronic Imaging","author":"Kr\u00e4tzer C.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Texas Workshop on Security of Information Systems.","author":"Kundur D."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/362375.362389"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.C1100374"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM\u201911)","author":"Ling Z."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IIH-MSP.2008.297"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 47th IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC)","author":"Liu J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"Lloyd P. 2010. An exploration of covert channels within Voice over IP. Master's thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology https:\/\/ritdml.rit.edu\/bitstream\/handle\/1850\/12241\/PLloydThesis5-4-2010.pdf&quest;sequence&equals;1.  Lloyd P. 2010. An exploration of covert channels within Voice over IP. Master's thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology https:\/\/ritdml.rit.edu\/bitstream\/handle\/1850\/12241\/PLloydThesis5-4-2010.pdf&quest;sequence&equals;1."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/975320"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 26th Army Science Conference (ASC\u201908)","author":"Lubacz J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSPEC.2010.5397787"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30114-1_12"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Intelligent Computing 3rd International Conference on Intelligent Computing Theories and Applications (ICIC\u201907)","author":"Ma L."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sec.502"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11875567_13"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computer Science\u2014 Research and Applications (IBIZA\u201906)","author":"Mazurczyk W."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"LACK\u2014a VoIP steganographic method","volume":"45","author":"Mazurczyk W.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Telecommun. Syst. Model Anal. Des. Manag."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Global E-Security","author":"Mazurczyk W."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-88873-4_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-010-0532-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","unstructured":"Mazurczyk W. Szaga P. and Szczypiorski K. 2011. Using transcoding for hidden communication in IP telephony. In Computing Research Repository (CoRR) abs\/1111.1250 arXiv.org E-print archive. Cornell University Ithaca NY. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1111.1250.  Mazurczyk W. Szaga P. and Szczypiorski K. 2011. Using transcoding for hidden communication in IP telephony. In Computing Research Repository (CoRR) abs\/1111.1250 arXiv.org E-print archive. Cornell University Ithaca NY. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1111.1250."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC\u201911)","author":"Miao R."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11558859_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of Interspeech","author":"Nishimura A.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ARES.2011.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IIHMSP.2010.27"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5.771065"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","volume-title":"SIP: Session Initiation Protocol. IETF, RFC 3261.","author":"Rosenberg J.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"RTP: A transport protocol for real-time applications. IETF, RFC 3550.","author":"Schulzrinne H.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT\u201901)","author":"Servetto S. D."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd USENIX Conference on Offensive Technologies","author":"Shah G."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th USENIX Security Symposium. 59--75","author":"Shah G."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-4730-9_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Security and Privacy in Communication Networks (SecureComm\u201907)","author":"Takahashi T."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4156\/aiss.vol4.issue4.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11771-010-0633-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICYCS.2008.394"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC\u201909)","author":"Tian H."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS\u201909)","author":"Tian H."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2011.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxr111"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia (ISM\u201907)","author":"Wang C."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1102120.1102133"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Security in Futures--Security in Change Conference. 54--58","author":"Wieser C."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11816157_141"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1005-8885(08)60295-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/el:20030993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM\u201908)","author":"Xiao B."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NBiS.2011.103"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP\u201909)","author":"Xu T."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2007.14"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2007.4317620"}],"container-title":["ACM Computing Surveys"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2543581.2543587","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2543581.2543587","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T08:10:07Z","timestamp":1750234207000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2543581.2543587"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2543581.2543587"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2543581.2543587","relation":{},"ISSN":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0360-0300","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7341","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-03-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-03-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-12-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}