{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:52:16Z","timestamp":1750308736752,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2s","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000144","name":"Division of Computer and Network Systems","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["(CNS-1116787)","(CNS-0953585)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(CNS-1116787)","(CNS-0953585)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000144","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006710","name":"Wayne State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Real-time multimedia subsystems often require support for switching between different resource and application execution modes. To ensure that timing constraints are not violated during or after a subsystem mode change, real-time schedulability analysis is required. However, existing time-efficient multimode schedulability analysis techniques for application-only mode changes are not appropriate for subsystems that require changes in the resource execution behavior (e.g., processors with dynamic power modes). Furthermore, all existing multimode schedulability analysis that handles both resource and application mode changes is highly exponential and not scalable for subsystems with a moderate or large number of modes. As a result, the notion of\n            <jats:italic>resource optimality<\/jats:italic>\n            is still unaddressed for real-time multimodal systems. In this report, we first address the lack of tractable schedulability analysis for such subsystems by proposing a model for characterizing multiple resource and application modes and by deriving a sufficient schedulability test that has pseudo-polynomial time complexity. Finally, we propose an algorithm which leverages this pseudo-polynomial schedulability analysis to optimize the resource usages (e.g., to minimize peak-power load) of a multimodal real-time system. Simulation results show that our proposed algorithms for schedulability analysis and resource allocation, when compared with previously-proposed approaches, require significantly less time and are just as precise.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2544375.2544385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,4]],"date-time":"2014-02-04T14:16:21Z","timestamp":1391523381000},"page":"1-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Tractable schedulability analysis and resource allocation for real-time multimodal systems"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Masud","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/827270.829047"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RTCSA.2012.49"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suscom.2011.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01995675"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th Real-Time Systems Symposium.","author":"Baruah S.","key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"S. Baruah , A. Mok , and L. Rosier . 1990b. Preemptively scheduling hard-real-time sporadic tasks on one processor . In Proceedings of the 11th Real-Time Systems Symposium. S. Baruah, A. Mok, and L. Rosier. 1990b. Preemptively scheduling hard-real-time sporadic tasks on one processor. In Proceedings of the 11th Real-Time Systems Symposium."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3975(93)90360-6"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 24th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium.","author":"Brandt S.","key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"S. Brandt , S. Banachowski , C. Lin , and T. Bisson . 2003. Dynamic integrated scheduling of hard real-time, soft real-time and non-real-time processes . In Proceedings of the 24th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium. S. Brandt, S. Banachowski, C. Lin, and T. Bisson. 2003. Dynamic integrated scheduling of hard real-time, soft real-time and non-real-time processes. In Proceedings of the 24th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CDC.2001.914704"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RTSS.2007.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RTAS.2012.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Region 10 Conference on Computers, Communications, Control and Power Engineering.","author":"Kim Jinhwan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jinhwan Kim , Inhwan Jung , and Bonggyou Lee . 2002 . A scheduling technique based on the variable bandwidth server for multimedia systems . In Proceedings of the IEEE Region 10 Conference on Computers, Communications, Control and Power Engineering. Jinhwan Kim, Inhwan Jung, and Bonggyou Lee. 2002. A scheduling technique based on the variable bandwidth server for multimedia systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE Region 10 Conference on Computers, Communications, Control and Power Engineering."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/321738.321743"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"A. K. Mok. 1983. Fundamental design problems of distributed systems for the hard-real-time environment. Ph. D. dissertation. Laboratory for Computer Science MIT.  A. K. Mok. 1983. Fundamental design problems of distributed systems for the hard-real-time environment. Ph. D. dissertation. Laboratory for Computer Science MIT."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems.","author":"Nelis Vincent","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vincent Nelis and Joel Goossens . 2009 . Mode change protocol for multi-mode real-time systems upon identical multiprocessors . In Proceedings of the Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems. Vincent Nelis and Joel Goossens. 2009. Mode change protocol for multi-mode real-time systems upon identical multiprocessors. In Proceedings of the Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ECRTS.2009.27"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th Euromicro Workshop on Real-Time Systems. DOI: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10","author":"Pedro P.","year":"1998","unstructured":"P. Pedro and A. Burns . 1998. Schedulability analysis for mode changes in flexible real-time systems . In Proceedings of the 10th Euromicro Workshop on Real-Time Systems. DOI: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10 .1109\/EMWRTS. 1998 .685082. 10.1109\/EMWRTS.1998.685082 P. Pedro and A. Burns. 1998. Schedulability analysis for mode changes in flexible real-time systems. In Proceedings of the 10th Euromicro Workshop on Real-Time Systems. 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