{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:52:16Z","timestamp":1750308736132,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,14]],"date-time":"2013-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1384387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIGMIS Database"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The past five years have witnessed a plethora of articles on the topic of formative measurement, both in the IS area and in other disciplines. This work can best be described as divergent and often contradictory. In this paper we review the issues surrounding formative measurement and attempt to delineate areas of agreement and to clarify points of disagreement regarding problems with formative measurement and proposed solutions. We provide six recommendations regarding the future use of formative measurement in IS research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2544415.2544418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,27]],"date-time":"2013-11-27T14:13:59Z","timestamp":1385561639000},"page":"44-55","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Formative measurement"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Roy D.","family":"Howell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Tech University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Einar","family":"Breivik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian School of Economics"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James B.","family":"Wilcox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Tech University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume":"112","author":"Adams Peter","year":"2003","unstructured":"Adams , Peter , Michale D . Hurd , Daniel McFadden , Angela Merrill & Tiago Ribeiro ( 2003 .\" Healthy, wealthy, and wise? Tests for direct causal paths between health and socioeconomic status, Journal of Econometrics , 112 ( 1 ), Jan, 3--56. Adams, Peter, Michale D. Hurd, Daniel McFadden, Angela Merrill & Tiago Ribeiro (2003.\" Healthy, wealthy, and wise? Tests for direct causal paths between health and socioeconomic status, Journal of Econometrics, 112(1), Jan, 3--56.","journal-title":"Tests for direct causal paths between health and socioeconomic status, Journal of Econometrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume":"19","author":"Anderson James C.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Anderson , James C. & David W . Gerbing ( 1982 .\" Some methods for respecifying measurement models to obtain unidimensional construct measurement, Journal of Marketing Research , 19 ( 4 ), Nov, 453--460. Anderson, James C. & David W. Gerbing (1982.\" Some methods for respecifying measurement models to obtain unidimensional construct measurement, Journal of Marketing Research, 19(4), Nov, 453--460.","journal-title":"Some methods for respecifying measurement models to obtain unidimensional construct measurement, Journal of Marketing Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguirre-Urreta Miguel I. & George M. Marakas (2012.\" Revisiting bias due to construct misspecification: Different results from considering coefficients in standardized form MIS Quarterly 36(1) Mar 123--138.   Aguirre-Urreta Miguel I. & George M. Marakas (2012.\" Revisiting bias due to construct misspecification: Different results from considering coefficients in standardized form MIS Quarterly 36(1) Mar 123--138.","DOI":"10.2307\/41410409"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"On the meaning of formative measurement and how it differs from reflective measurement: Comment on Howell, Breivik, and Wilcox","author":"Bagozzi Richard P","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bagozzi , Richard P . ( 2007 ).\" On the meaning of formative measurement and how it differs from reflective measurement: Comment on Howell, Breivik, and Wilcox (2007), Psychological Methods , 12(2), Jun, 229--237. Bagozzi, Richard P. (2007).\" On the meaning of formative measurement and how it differs from reflective measurement: Comment on Howell, Breivik, and Wilcox (2007), Psychological Methods, 12(2), Jun, 229--237."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"MIS Quarterly, 35(2), Jun, 261--292.","author":"Bagozzi Richard P","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bagozzi , Richard P . ( 2011 ).\" Measurement and meaning in information systems and organizational research: Methodological and philosophical foundations , MIS Quarterly, 35(2), Jun, 261--292. Bagozzi, Richard P. (2011).\" Measurement and meaning in information systems and organizational research: Methodological and philosophical foundations, MIS Quarterly, 35(2), Jun, 261--292."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume":"40","author":"Bagozzi Richard P.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bagozzi , Richard P. & Youjae Yi ( 2012 ).\" Specification, evaluation, and interpretation of structural equation models, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science , 40 ( 1 ), Jan, 8--34. Bagozzi, Richard P. & Youjae Yi (2012).\" Specification, evaluation, and interpretation of structural equation models, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(1), Jan, 8--34.","journal-title":"Specification, evaluation, and interpretation of structural equation models, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Causal models in the social sciences (335--347).\" Chicago: Aldine.","author":"Blalock Hubert M","year":"1971","unstructured":"Blalock , Hubert M ( 1971 ). \" Causal models involving unmeasured variables in stimulus-response situations , in Hubert M. Blalock (ed.), Causal models in the social sciences (335--347).\" Chicago: Aldine. Blalock, Hubert M (1971). \"Causal models involving unmeasured variables in stimulus-response situations, in Hubert M. Blalock (ed.), Causal models in the social sciences (335--347).\" Chicago: Aldine."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Jun, 359--372.","author":"Bollen Kenneth A","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bollen , Kenneth A . ( 2011 ). \" Evaluating effect, composite, and causal indicators in structural equation models.\" MIS Quarterly, 35(2) , Jun, 359--372. Bollen, Kenneth A. (2011). \"Evaluating effect, composite, and causal indicators in structural equation models.\" MIS Quarterly, 35(2), Jun, 359--372."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Interpretational confounding is due to misspecification, not to type of indicator: Comment on Howell, Breivik, and Wilcox","author":"Bollen Kenneth A","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bollen , Kenneth A . ( 2007 ). \" Interpretational confounding is due to misspecification, not to type of indicator: Comment on Howell, Breivik, and Wilcox (2007).\"Psychological Methods , 12(2), Jun, 219--228. Bollen, Kenneth A. (2007). \"Interpretational confounding is due to misspecification, not to type of indicator: Comment on Howell, Breivik, and Wilcox (2007).\"Psychological Methods, 12(2), Jun, 219--228."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00227593"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Sep, 265--284.","author":"Bollen Kenneth A.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bollen , Kenneth A. & Shawn Bauldry ( 2011 ). \" Three Cs in measurement models: Causal indicators, composite indicators, and covariates.\" Psychological Methods, 16(3) , Sep, 265--284. Bollen, Kenneth A. & Shawn Bauldry (2011). \"Three Cs in measurement models: Causal indicators, composite indicators, and covariates.\" Psychological Methods, 16(3), Sep, 265--284."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Sep, 305--314.","author":"Bollen Kenneth A.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bollen , Kenneth A. & Richard Lennox ( 1991 ). \" Conventional wisdom on measurement: A structural equation perspective.\" Psychological Bulletin, 110(2) , Sep, 305--314. Bollen, Kenneth A. & Richard Lennox (1991). \"Conventional wisdom on measurement: A structural equation perspective.\" Psychological Bulletin, 110(2), Sep, 305--314."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Mar, 3--22.","author":"Bollen Kenneth A.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bollen , Kenneth A. & Kwok-fai Ting ( 2000 ). \" A tetrad test for causal indicators.\" Psychological Methods, 5(1) , Mar, 3--22. 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Mellenbergh & Jaap van Heerden (2004). \"The concept of validity, Psychological Review.\" 111(4), Oct, 1061--1071."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.53.100901.135233"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Aug, 3--52.","author":"Burt Ronald S","year":"1976","unstructured":"Burt , Ronald S . ( 1976 ). \" Interpretational confounding of unobserved variables in structural equation models.\" Sociological Methods and Research, 5(1) , Aug, 3--52. Burt, Ronald S. (1976). \"Interpretational confounding of unobserved variables in structural equation models.\" Sociological Methods and Research, 5(1), Aug, 3--52."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Jun, 183--196.","author":"Cohen Patricia","year":"1990","unstructured":"Cohen , Patricia , Jacob Cohen , Jeanne Teresi , Margaret Marchi & C. Noemi Velez ( 1990 ). \" Problems in the measurement of latent variables in structural equations causal models.\" Applied Psychological Measurement, 14(2) , Jun, 183--196. Cohen, Patricia, Jacob Cohen, Jeanne Teresi, Margaret Marchi & C. Noemi Velez (1990). \"Problems in the measurement of latent variables in structural equations causal models.\" Applied Psychological Measurement, 14(2), Jun, 183--196."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Jun, 335--358.","author":"Diamantopoulos Adamantios","year":"2011","unstructured":"Diamantopoulos , Adamantios ( 2011 ). \" Incorporating formative measures into covariance-based structural equation models.\" MIS Quarterly, 35(2) , Jun, 335--358. Diamantopoulos, Adamantios (2011). \"Incorporating formative measures into covariance-based structural equation models.\" MIS Quarterly, 35(2), Jun, 335--358."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2008.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1509\/jmkr.38.2.269.18845"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Apr, 144--192.","author":"Edwards Jeffrey R","year":"2001","unstructured":"Edwards , Jeffrey R . ( 2001 ). \" Multidimensional constructs in organizational behavior research: An integrative analytical framework.\" Organizational Research Methods, 4(2) , Apr, 144--192. Edwards, Jeffrey R. (2001). \"Multidimensional constructs in organizational behavior research: An integrative analytical framework.\" Organizational Research Methods, 4(2), Apr, 144--192."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428110378369"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Jun, 155--174.","author":"Edwards Jeffrey R.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Edwards , Jeffrey R. & Richard P . Bagozzi ( 2000 ). \" On the nature and direction of relationships between constructs and measures.\" Psychological Methods, 5(2) , Jun, 155--174. Edwards, Jeffrey R. & Richard P. Bagozzi (2000). \"On the nature and direction of relationships between constructs and measures.\" Psychological Methods, 5(2), Jun, 155--174."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2008.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00168"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00170"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Mark A. Fuller & Gholamreza Torkzadeh","author":"Hardin Andrew M","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hardin , Andrew M . , Jerry Cha-Jan Chang , Mark A. Fuller & Gholamreza Torkzadeh ( 2011 ). \"Formative measurement and academic research: In search of measurement theory.\" Educational and Psychological Measurement , 71(2), Apr, 281--305. Hardin, Andrew M., Jerry Cha-Jan Chang, Mark A. Fuller & Gholamreza Torkzadeh (2011). \"Formative measurement and academic research: In search of measurement theory.\" Educational and Psychological Measurement, 71(2), Apr, 281--305."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Oct, 753--764.","author":"Hardin Andrew","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hardin , Andrew & George A . Marcoulides ( 2011 ). \" A commentary on the use of formative measurement.\" Educational and Psychological Measurement, 71(5) , Oct, 753--764. Hardin, Andrew & George A. Marcoulides (2011). \"A commentary on the use of formative measurement.\" Educational and Psychological Measurement, 71(5), Oct, 753--764."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Nov, 147--173.","author":"Heise David R","year":"1972","unstructured":"Heise , David R . ( 1972 ). \" Employing nominal variables, induced variables, and block variables in path analysis.\" Sociological Methods and Research, 1(2) , Nov, 147--173. Heise, David R. (1972). \"Employing nominal variables, induced variables, and block variables in path analysis.\" Sociological Methods and Research, 1(2), Nov, 147--173."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Feb, 119--126.","author":"Howell Roy D","year":"1987","unstructured":"Howell , Roy D . ( 1987 ). \" Covariance structure modeling and measurement issues: A note on \"Interrelations among a channel entity's power sources.\" Journal of Marketing Research, 14(1) , Feb, 119--126. Howell, Roy D. (1987). \"Covariance structure modeling and measurement issues: A note on \"Interrelations among a channel entity's power sources.\" Journal of Marketing Research, 14(1), Feb, 119--126."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Wilcox","author":"Howell Roy D","year":"2007","unstructured":"Howell , Roy D . , Einar Breivik & James B : Wilcox ( 2007 a). \"Reconsidering formative measurement.\" Psychological Methods , 12(2), Jun, 205--218. Howell, Roy D., Einar Breivik & James B: Wilcox (2007a). \"Reconsidering formative measurement.\" Psychological Methods, 12(2), Jun, 205--218."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Wilcox","author":"Howell Roy D","year":"2007","unstructured":"Howell , Roy D . , Einar Breivik & James B : Wilcox ( 2007 b). \"Is formative measurement really measurement? Reply to Bollen (2007) and Bagozzi (2007).\" Psychological Methods , 12(2), Jun, 238--245. Howell, Roy D., Einar Breivik & James B: Wilcox (2007b). \"Is formative measurement really measurement? Reply to Bollen (2007) and Bagozzi (2007).\" Psychological Methods, 12(2), Jun, 238--245."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Mar, 139--146.","author":"Jarvis Cheryl Burke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jarvis , Cheryl Burke , Scott B . MacKenzie & Philip M. Podsakoff ( 2012 ). \" The negative consequences of measurement model misspecification: A response to Aquirre-Urreta and Marakas.\" MIS Quarterly, 36(1) , Mar, 139--146. Jarvis, Cheryl Burke, Scott B. MacKenzie & Philip M. Podsakoff (2012). \"The negative consequences of measurement model misspecification: A response to Aquirre-Urreta and Marakas.\" MIS Quarterly, 36(1), Mar, 139--146."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/376806"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289343"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Jun, 346--A5.","author":"Kim Gimun","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim , Gimun , Bongsik Shin & Varun Grover ( 2010 ). \" Investigating two contradictory views of formative measurement in information systems research.\" MIS Quarterly, 34(2) , Jun, 346--A5. Kim, Gimun, Bongsik Shin & Varun Grover (2010). \"Investigating two contradictory views of formative measurement in information systems research.\" MIS Quarterly, 34(2), Jun, 346--A5."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","volume":"24","author":"Kumar Ajith","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kumar , Ajith & William R . Dillon ( 1987 ).\" The interaction of measurement and structure in simultaneous equation models with unobservable variables.\" Journal of Marketing Research , 24 ( 1 ), Feb, 98--105. Kumar, Ajith & William R. Dillon (1987).\"The interaction of measurement and structure in simultaneous equation models with unobservable variables.\" Journal of Marketing Research, 24(1), Feb, 98--105.","journal-title":"The interaction of measurement and structure in simultaneous equation models with unobservable variables.\" Journal of Marketing Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"The interpretation of the latent residual term in latent constructs with causal indicators.\" Unpublished working paper","author":"Kumar Ajith","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kumar , Ajith , Rajiv K . Sinha , Dmitri Kapelianis & Michelle D. Steward ( 2007 ). \" The interpretation of the latent residual term in latent constructs with causal indicators.\" Unpublished working paper , Arizona State University . Kumar, Ajith, Rajiv K. Sinha, Dmitri Kapelianis & Michelle D. Steward (2007). \"The interpretation of the latent residual term in latent constructs with causal indicators.\" Unpublished working paper, Arizona State University."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Nov, 533--541.","author":"MacCallum Robert C.","year":"1993","unstructured":"MacCallum , Robert C. & Michael W . Browne ( 1993 ). \" The use of causal indicators in covariance structure models: Some practical issues.\" Psychological Bulletin, 114(3) , Nov, 533--541. MacCallum, Robert C. & Michael W. Browne (1993). \"The use of causal indicators in covariance structure models: Some practical issues.\" Psychological Bulletin, 114(3), Nov, 533--541."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.90.4.710"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Jun, 293--334.","author":"MacKenzie Scott B","year":"2011","unstructured":"MacKenzie , Scott B . , Philip M . Podsakoff & Nathan P. Podsakoff ( 2011 ). \" Construct measurement and validation procedures in MIS and behavioral research: Integrating new and existing techniques.\" MIS Quarterly, 35(2) , Jun, 293--334. MacKenzie, Scott B., Philip M. Podsakoff & Nathan P. Podsakoff (2011). \"Construct measurement and validation procedures in MIS and behavioral research: Integrating new and existing techniques.\" MIS Quarterly, 35(2), Jun, 293--334."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","article-title":"Conceptual complexity and construct validity","volume":"85","author":"McGrath Robert E","year":"2005","unstructured":"McGrath , Robert E . ( 2005 ). \" Conceptual complexity and construct validity , Journal of Personality Assessment.\" 85 ( 2 ), Oct, 112--124. McGrath, Robert E. (2005). \"Conceptual complexity and construct validity, Journal of Personality Assessment.\" 85(2), Oct, 112--124.","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Assessment.\""},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00112"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00169"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1379(199905)20:3<389::AID-JOB917>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"Mar, 147--155.","author":"Petter Stacie","year":"2012","unstructured":"Petter , Stacie , Arun Rai & Detmar Straub ( 2012 ). \" The critical importance of construct measurement specification: A response to Aguirre-Urreta and Marakas.\" MIS Quarterly, 36(1) , Mar, 147--155. Petter, Stacie, Arun Rai & Detmar Straub (2012). \"The critical importance of construct measurement specification: A response to Aguirre-Urreta and Marakas.\" MIS Quarterly, 36(1), Mar, 147--155."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"Dec, 623--656.","author":"Petter Stacie","year":"2007","unstructured":"Petter , Stacie , Detmar Straub & Arun Rai ( 2007 ). \" Specifying formative constructs in information systems research.\" MIS Quarterly, 31(4) , Dec, 623--656. Petter, Stacie, Detmar Straub & Arun Rai (2007). \"Specifying formative constructs in information systems research.\" MIS Quarterly, 31(4), Dec, 623--656."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"Dec, 615--656.","author":"Podsakoff Philip M","year":"2003","unstructured":"Podsakoff , Philip M . , Scott B . MacKenzie , Nathan P . Podsakoff & Jeong Yeon Lee ( 2003 ). \" The mismeasure of man(agement) and its implications for leadership research.\" Leadership Quarterly, 14(6) , Dec, 615--656. Podsakoff, Philip M., Scott B. MacKenzie, Nathan P. Podsakoff & Jeong Yeon Lee (2003). \" The mismeasure of man(agement) and its implications for leadership research.\" Leadership Quarterly, 14(6), Dec, 615--656."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"The abilities of man","author":"Spearman Charles","year":"1927","unstructured":"Spearman , Charles ( 1927 ). \" The abilities of man , New York : MacMillan . Spearman, Charles (1927). \"The abilities of man, New York: MacMillan."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"Multiple factor analysis","author":"Thurstone Louis L","year":"1947","unstructured":"Thurstone , Louis L . ( 1947 ). \" Multiple factor analysis , Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press. Thurstone, Louis L. (1947). \"Multiple factor analysis, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2011.532693"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2008.01.010"}],"container-title":["ACM SIGMIS Database: the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2544415.2544418","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2544415.2544418","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T20:22:04Z","timestamp":1750278124000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2544415.2544418"}},"subtitle":["a critical perspective"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,14]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,14]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2544415.2544418"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2544415.2544418","relation":{},"ISSN":["0095-0033","1532-0936"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0095-0033"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1532-0936"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-11-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}