{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T15:51:03Z","timestamp":1774453863416,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,14]],"date-time":"2013-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1384387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIGMIS Database"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Formative measurement is a valuable alternative to reflective measurement when developing indicators of latent variables in structural equation models (SEM). Our goal is to further guide IS research in the application of formative measures by comparing the two dominant analysis techniques: component-(e.g., partial least squares -PLS) and covariance-based SEM techniques. We demonstrate that covariance-based techniques can be appropriate for formative measurement despite a near absence of their use within IS research, which favors PLS. In addition, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using either technique and offer six prescriptions to consider when choosing one technique over another for formative measurement analysis. We present these and other contributions towards encouraging the continued and expanded use of formative measurement in IS research and the diversity of techniques to analyze formative measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2544415.2544420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,27]],"date-time":"2013-11-27T14:13:59Z","timestamp":1385561639000},"page":"66-79","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The analysis of formative measurement in IS research"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Ronald T.","family":"Cenfetelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sauder School of Business, The University of British Columbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Genevi\u00e8ve","family":"Bassellier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clay","family":"Posey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Culverhouse College of Commerce and Business Administration, The University of Alabama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2208955.2208963"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.103.3.411"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.1070.0122"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.110.2.305"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118619179","volume-title":"Structural Equations with Latent Variables","author":"Bollen K. A.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bollen , K. A. ( 1989 ). Structural Equations with Latent Variables , Wiley-Interscience . Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural Equations with Latent Variables, Wiley-Interscience."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510903008253"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2012.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2481655.2481666"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2017434.2017440"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124101029004003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"315","article-title":"Partial Least Squares Is to Lisrel as Principal Components Analysis Is to Common Factor Analysis","volume":"2","author":"Chin W. W.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Chin , W. W. ( 1995 ). \" Partial Least Squares Is to Lisrel as Principal Components Analysis Is to Common Factor Analysis .\" Technology Studies. Vol. 2 , No. : pp. 315 -- 319 . Chin, W. W. (1995). \"Partial Least Squares Is to Lisrel as Principal Components Analysis Is to Common Factor Analysis.\" Technology Studies. Vol. 2, No. : pp. 315--319.","journal-title":"Technology Studies."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/290231.290235"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.14.2.189.16018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Structural Equation Modeling Analysis with Small Samples Using Partial Least Squares","author":"Chin W. W.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chin , W. W. , and Newsted , P. R . ( 1999 ). Structural Equation Modeling Analysis with Small Samples Using Partial Least Squares , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications . Chin, W. W., and Newsted, P. R. (1999). Structural Equation Modeling Analysis with Small Samples Using Partial Least Squares, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2753\/MTP1069-6679160402"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2008.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/249008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/17465660610667775"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2017507.2017511"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2008.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1509\/jmkr.38.2.269.18845"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/109442810142004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428110378369"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.5.2.155"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","first-page":"407","article-title":"A Second Generation of Multivariate Analysis: Classification of Methods and Implications for Marketing Research","volume":"51","author":"Fornell C.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Fornell , C. , and Larcker , D. ( 1987 ). \" A Second Generation of Multivariate Analysis: Classification of Methods and Implications for Marketing Research .\" Review of marketing. Vol. 51 , No. pp. 407 -- 450 . Fornell, C., and Larcker, D. (1987). \"A Second Generation of Multivariate Analysis: Classification of Methods and Implications for Marketing Research.\" Review of marketing. Vol. 51, No. pp. 407--450.","journal-title":"Review of marketing."},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Structural Equation Modelingand Regression: Guidelines for Research Practice","volume":"4","author":"Gefen D.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gefen , D. , Straub , D. , and Boudreau , M. ( 2000 ). \" Structural Equation Modelingand Regression: Guidelines for Research Practice .\" Communications of AIS. Vol. 4 , No. 7 : pp. 1 -- 78 . Gefen, D., Straub, D., and Boudreau, M. (2000). \"Structural Equation Modelingand Regression: Guidelines for Research Practice.\" Communications of AIS. Vol. 4, No. 7: pp. 1--78.","journal-title":"Communications of AIS."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.1070.0123"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2006.381"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"New Jersey: Prentice Hall.","author":"Hair J. F.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hair , J. F. , Black , W. C. , Babin , B. J. , and Anderson , R. E . ( 2010 ). Multivariate Data Analysis , New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., and Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis, New Jersey: Prentice Hall."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2753\/MTP1069-6679190202"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00168"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164410370208"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(67)90010-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/376806"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2285946"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Foundations of Behavioral Research","author":"Kerlinger F. N.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kerlinger , F. N. , and Lee , H. B . ( 1999 ). Foundations of Behavioral Research , Wadsworth Publishing . Kerlinger, F. N., and Lee, H. B. (1999). Foundations of Behavioral Research, Wadsworth Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2017458.2017466"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling","author":"Kline R. B.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kline , R. B. ( 2010 ). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling , The Guilford Press . Kline, R. B. (2010). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, The Guilford Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.114.3.533"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.90.4.710"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00169"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2017307.2017308"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/506724.506730"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr3102_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2208955.2208965"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2017356.2017358"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2017410.2017423"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijresmar.2009.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2208955.2208956"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1592401.1592405"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/ejis.2011.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1059601108329198"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Content Validity of Instruments in IS Research","volume":"8","author":"Tojib D. R.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tojib , D. R. , and Sugianto , L. F. ( 2006 ). \" Content Validity of Instruments in IS Research .\" Journal of Information Technology Theory and Application (JITTA). Vol. 8 , No. 3 : pp. 31 -- 56 . Tojib, D. R., and Sugianto, L. F. (2006). \"Content Validity of Instruments in IS Research.\" Journal of Information Technology Theory and Application (JITTA). Vol. 8, No. 3: pp. 31--56.","journal-title":"Journal of Information Technology Theory and Application (JITTA)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294050"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.1996.tb01822.x"}],"container-title":["ACM SIGMIS Database: the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2544415.2544420","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2544415.2544420","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T20:22:04Z","timestamp":1750278124000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2544415.2544420"}},"subtitle":["choosing between component-and covariance-based techniques"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,14]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,14]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2544415.2544420"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2544415.2544420","relation":{},"ISSN":["0095-0033","1532-0936"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0095-0033","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-0936","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-11-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}