{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:43:26Z","timestamp":1792003406222,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]],"date-time":"2014-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Comput. Surv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Maps depict natural and human-induced changes on earth at a fine resolution for large areas and over long periods of time. In addition, maps\u2014especially historical maps\u2014are often the only information source about the earth as surveyed using geodetic techniques. In order to preserve these unique documents, increasing numbers of digital map archives have been established, driven by advances in software and hardware technologies. Since the early 1980s, researchers from a variety of disciplines, including computer science and geography, have been working on computational methods for the extraction and recognition of geographic features from archived images of maps (digital map processing). The typical result from map processing is geographic information that can be used in spatial and spatiotemporal analyses in a Geographic Information System environment, which benefits numerous research fields in the spatial, social, environmental, and health sciences. However, map processing literature is spread across a broad range of disciplines in which maps are included as a special type of image. This article presents an overview of existing map processing techniques, with the goal of bringing together the past and current research efforts in this interdisciplinary field, to characterize the advances that have been made, and to identify future research directions and opportunities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2557423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,20]],"date-time":"2014-05-20T13:47:43Z","timestamp":1400593663000},"page":"1-44","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":125,"title":["A Survey of Digital Map Processing Techniques"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Yao-Yi","family":"Chiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Leyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig A.","family":"Knoblock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/cce:20010404"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219467802000767"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Pattern Recognition. 69--72","author":"Ablameyko S.","unstructured":"S. Ablameyko , V. Bereishik , M. Homenko , N. Paramonova , and O. Patsko . 2002b. Automatic\/interactive interpretation of color map images . In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Pattern Recognition. 69--72 . S. Ablameyko, V. Bereishik, M. Homenko, N. Paramonova, and O. Patsko. 2002b. Automatic\/interactive interpretation of color map images. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Pattern Recognition. 69--72."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100320000033"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Advances in Structural and Syntactical Pattern Recognition. 60--69","author":"Agam G.","unstructured":"G. Agam and I. Dinstein . 1996. Generalized morphological operators applied to map-analysis . In Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Advances in Structural and Syntactical Pattern Recognition. 60--69 . G. Agam and I. Dinstein. 1996. Generalized morphological operators applied to map-analysis. In Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Advances in Structural and Syntactical Pattern Recognition. 60--69."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"Mathematical morphology in color spaces applied to the analysis of cartographic images. Semantic Processing of Spatial Data","volume":"4","author":"Angulo J.","year":"2003","unstructured":"J. Angulo and J. Serra . 2003 . Mathematical morphology in color spaces applied to the analysis of cartographic images. Semantic Processing of Spatial Data , Research on Computing Science 4 , 59 -- 66 . J. Angulo and J. Serra. 2003. Mathematical morphology in color spaces applied to the analysis of cartographic images. Semantic Processing of Spatial Data, Research on Computing Science 4, 59--66.","journal-title":"Research on Computing Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Imaging Applications in Geology. 1--4.","author":"Arrighi P.","unstructured":"P. Arrighi and P. Soille . 1999. From scanned topographic maps to digital elevation models . In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Imaging Applications in Geology. 1--4. P. Arrighi and P. Soille. 1999. From scanned topographic maps to digital elevation models. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Imaging Applications in Geology. 1--4."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th World Multiconference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics. 99--104","author":"Bajcsy P.","year":"2003","unstructured":"P. Bajcsy . 2003 . Automatic extraction of isocontours from historical maps . In Proceedings of the 7th World Multiconference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics. 99--104 . P. Bajcsy. 2003. Automatic extraction of isocontours from historical maps. In Proceedings of the 7th World Multiconference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics. 99--104."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"G. H. Ball and D. J. Hall. 1965. ISODATA a Novel Method of Data Analysis and Classification. Technical Report Stanford University Stanford CA.  G. H. Ball and D. J. Hall. 1965. ISODATA a Novel Method of Data Analysis and Classification. Technical Report Stanford University Stanford CA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Pattern Recognition in Information Systems. 191--196","author":"Bessaid A.","year":"2003","unstructured":"A. Bessaid , H. Bechar , and J.-M. Ogier . 2003 . Automatic topographic color map analysis system . In Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Pattern Recognition in Information Systems. 191--196 . A. Bessaid, H. Bechar, and J.-M. Ogier. 2003. Automatic topographic color map analysis system. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Pattern Recognition in Information Systems. 191--196."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Joint Symposia on Intelligence and Systems. 359--366","author":"Bin D.","unstructured":"D. Bin and W. K. Cheong . 1998. A system for automatic extraction of road network from maps . In Proceedings of the IEEE International Joint Symposia on Intelligence and Systems. 359--366 . D. Bin and W. K. Cheong. 1998. A system for automatic extraction of road network from maps. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Joint Symposia on Intelligence and Systems. 359--366."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/62506.62541"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/2.144437"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Pattern Recognition and Image Preprocessing","author":"Bow S.-T.","unstructured":"S.-T. Bow . 1992. Pattern Recognition and Image Preprocessing . Marcel Dekker , New York, NY . S.-T. Bow. 1992. Pattern Recognition and Image Preprocessing. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"The Fast Fourier Transform and Its Applications","author":"Brigham E. O.","unstructured":"E. O. Brigham . 1988. The Fast Fourier Transform and Its Applications . Prentice Hall , Englewood Cliffs, NJ . E. O. Brigham. 1988. The Fast Fourier Transform and Its Applications. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-36824-0_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Template Matching Techniques in Computer Vision: Theory and Practice","author":"Brunelli R.","unstructured":"R. Brunelli . 2009. Template Matching Techniques in Computer Vision: Theory and Practice . Wiley , Hoboken, NJ . R. Brunelli. 2009. Template Matching Techniques in Computer Vision: Theory and Practice. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2006.720"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. 1228--1242","author":"Bucha V.","unstructured":"V. Bucha , S. Uchida , and S. Ablameyko . 2007. Image pixel force fields and their application for color map vectorisation . In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. 1228--1242 . V. Bucha, S. Uchida, and S. Ablameyko. 2007. Image pixel force fields and their application for color map vectorisation. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. 1228--1242."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(96)01121-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th IAPR International Workshop on Graphics Recognition Algorithms and Applications. 167--177","author":"Cao R.","unstructured":"R. Cao and C. L. Tan . 2002. Text\/graphics separation in maps . In Proceedings of the 4th IAPR International Workshop on Graphics Recognition Algorithms and Applications. 167--177 . R. Cao and C. L. Tan. 2002. Text\/graphics separation in maps. In Proceedings of the 4th IAPR International Workshop on Graphics Recognition Algorithms and Applications. 167--177."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd IAPR Workshop on Graphics Recognition, K. Tombre and A. K. Chhabra, Eds., Lecture Notes in Computer Science","volume":"1389","author":"Centeno J.","year":"1998","unstructured":"J. Centeno . 1998 . Segmentation of thematic maps using colour and spatial attributes . In Proceedings of the 2nd IAPR Workshop on Graphics Recognition, K. Tombre and A. K. Chhabra, Eds., Lecture Notes in Computer Science , Vol. 1389 . Springer, Berlin, 221--230. J. Centeno. 1998. Segmentation of thematic maps using colour and spatial attributes. In Proceedings of the 2nd IAPR Workshop on Graphics Recognition, K. Tombre and A. K. Chhabra, Eds., Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 1389. Springer, Berlin, 221--230."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10707-007-0033-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Spatio-Temporal Database Management. 1477--1480","author":"Chen C.-C.","unstructured":"C.-C. Chen , C. Shahabi , and C. A. Knoblock . 2004. Utilizing road network data for automatic identification of road intersections from high resolution color orthoimagery . In Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Spatio-Temporal Database Management. 1477--1480 . C.-C. Chen, C. Shahabi, and C. A. Knoblock. 2004. Utilizing road network data for automatic identification of road intersections from high resolution color orthoimagery. In Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Spatio-Temporal Database Management. 1477--1480."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5326.760565"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/646270.684993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.861478"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/83.701171"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(00)00149-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00054-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/83.887975"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2006.368"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1463434.1463463"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1653771.1653793"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2011.281"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10032-011-0177-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10707-008-0046-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-36824-0_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1479992.1480010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.1000236"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ISPRS Mid-Term Symposium","author":"Cordeiro A.","year":"2006","unstructured":"A. Cordeiro and P. Pina . 2006. Colour map object separation . In Proceedings of the ISPRS Mid-Term Symposium 2006 , Remote Sensing : From Pixels to Processes. 243--247. A. Cordeiro and P. Pina. 2006. Colour map object separation. In Proceedings of the ISPRS Mid-Term Symposium 2006, Remote Sensing: From Pixels to Processes. 243--247."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/645438.652785"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(94)90030-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-25977-0_21"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","volume-title":"ten Kate, and J. Gerbrands","author":"Den Hartog J.","year":"1996","unstructured":"J. Den Hartog , T. ten Kate, and J. Gerbrands . 1996 . Knowledge-based segmentation for automatic map interpretation. In Graphics Recognition Methods and Applications, R. Kasturi and K. Tombre, Eds., Lecture Notes in Computer Science , Vol. 1072 . Springer , Berlin, 159--178. J. Den Hartog, T. ten Kate, and J. Gerbrands. 1996. Knowledge-based segmentation for automatic map interpretation. In Graphics Recognition Methods and Applications, R. Kasturi and K. Tombre, Eds., Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 1072. Springer, Berlin, 159--178."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8655(95)00084-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10032-005-0010-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.476016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810410001713407"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","volume-title":"An introduction to vectorization and segmentation","author":"Doermann D.","unstructured":"D. Doermann . 1998. An introduction to vectorization and segmentation . In Graphics Recognition Algorithms and Systems, K. Tombre and A. Chhabra, Eds., Lecture Notes in Computer Science , Vol. 1389 . Springer , Berlin , 1--8. D. Doermann. 1998. An introduction to vectorization and segmentation. In Graphics Recognition Algorithms and Systems, K. Tombre and A. Chhabra, Eds., Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 1389. Springer, Berlin, 1--8."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/361237.361242"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F.\n      Dupont M.\n      Deseilligny and \n      M.\n      Gondran\n  . \n  1998\n  . Automatic interpretation of scanned maps: Reconstruction of contour lines. In Graphics Recognition Algorithms and Systems K. Tombre and A. Chhabra Eds. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. \n  1389\n  . \n  Springer Berlin 194--206.   F. Dupont M. Deseilligny and M. Gondran. 1998. Automatic interpretation of scanned maps: Reconstruction of contour lines. In Graphics Recognition Algorithms and Systems K. Tombre and A. Chhabra Eds. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. 1389. Springer Berlin 194--206.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-64381-8_49"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01211660"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition. 1296--1305","author":"Ejiri M.","unstructured":"M. Ejiri , S. Kakumoto , T. Miyatake , S. Shimada , and H. Matsushima . 1984. Automatic recognition of design drawings and maps . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition. 1296--1305 . M. Ejiri, S. Kakumoto, T. Miyatake, S. Shimada, and H. Matsushima. 1984. Automatic recognition of design drawings and maps. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition. 1296--1305."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Image Processing. 401--404","author":"Fayek R.","unstructured":"R. Fayek and A. Wong . 1996. Extracting buildings from aerial topographic maps . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Image Processing. 401--404 . R. Fayek and A. Wong. 1996. Extracting buildings from aerial topographic maps. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Image Processing. 401--404."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.9112"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.\n      Frischknecht\n     and \n      E.\n      Kanani\n  . \n  1998\n  . Automatic interpretation of scanned topographic maps: A raster-based approach. In Graphics Recognition Algorithms and Systems K. Tombre and A. Chhabra Eds. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. \n  1389\n  . \n  Springer Berlin 207--220.   S. Frischknecht and E. Kanani. 1998. Automatic interpretation of scanned topographic maps: A raster-based approach. In Graphics Recognition Algorithms and Systems K. Tombre and A. Chhabra Eds. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. 1389. Springer Berlin 207--220.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-64381-8_50"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","first-page":"523","article-title":"A raster-based approach for the automatic interpretation of topographic maps","volume":"32","author":"Frischknecht S.","year":"1998","unstructured":"S. Frischknecht , E. Kanani , and A. Carosio . 1998 . A raster-based approach for the automatic interpretation of topographic maps . IAPRS 32 , 523 -- 530 . S. Frischknecht, E. Kanani, and A. Carosio. 1998. A raster-based approach for the automatic interpretation of topographic maps. IAPRS 32, 523--530.","journal-title":"IAPRS"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","unstructured":"H. Freeman and G. G. Pieroni Eds. 1982. Map Data Processing. Academic Press London.  H. Freeman and G. G. Pieroni Eds. 1982. Map Data Processing. Academic Press London."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(81)90028-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of SPIE 2727","author":"Fung H. T.","unstructured":"H. T. Fung and K. J. Parker . 1996. Segmentation of scanned document images for efficient compression . In Proceedings of SPIE 2727 , Visual Communications and Image Processing. 701. H. T. Fung and K. J. Parker. 1996. Segmentation of scanned document images for efficient compression. In Proceedings of SPIE 2727, Visual Communications and Image Processing. 701."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8655(99)00003-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-25977-0_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1018427.1020528"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10032-010-0136-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","unstructured":"A. Habib R. Uebbing and A. Asmamaw. 1999. Automatic Extraction of Road Intersections from Raster Maps. Project report submitted to the Center for Mapping The Ohio State University.  A. Habib R. Uebbing and A. Asmamaw. 1999. Automatic Extraction of Road Intersections from Raster Maps. Project report submitted to the Center for Mapping The Ohio State University."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Application of Information and Communication Technologies. 1--5.","author":"Hancer E.","unstructured":"E. Hancer and R. Samet . 2011. Advanced contour reconnection in scanned topographic maps . In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Application of Information and Communication Technologies. 1--5. E. Hancer and R. Samet. 2011. Advanced contour reconnection in scanned topographic maps. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Application of Information and Communication Technologies. 1--5."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2009.31"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th IAPR International Workshop on Graphics Recognition. 253--262","author":"Henderson T. C.","unstructured":"T. C. Henderson , T. Linton , S. Potupchik , and A. Ostanin . 2009. Automatic segmentation of semantic classes in raster map images . In Proceedings of the 8th IAPR International Workshop on Graphics Recognition. 253--262 . T. C. Henderson, T. Linton, S. Potupchik, and A. Ostanin. 2009. Automatic segmentation of semantic classes in raster map images. In Proceedings of the 8th IAPR International Workshop on Graphics Recognition. 253--262."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0098-3004(94)00063-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.70.12.1399"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O. Hori and A. Okazaki. 1992. High quality vectorization based on a generic object model. Structured Document Image Analysis 325--349.  O. Hori and A. Okazaki. 1992. High quality vectorization based on a generic object model. Structured Document Image Analysis 325--349.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-77281-8_15"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecjb.10144"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","unstructured":"R. Jain R. Kasturi and B. G. Schunck. 1995. Machine Vision. McGraw-Hill New York NY.   R. Jain R. Kasturi and B. G. Schunck. 1995. Machine Vision. McGraw-Hill New York NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cviu.1996.0484"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/32.6145"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing. 792--797","author":"Katona E.","unstructured":"E. Katona and G. Hudra . 1999. An interpretation system for cadastral maps . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing. 792--797 . E. Katona and G. Hudra. 1999. An interpretation system for cadastral maps. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing. 792--797."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Southwest Symposium on Image Analysis and Interpretation. 190--194","author":"Khotanzad A.","unstructured":"A. Khotanzad and E. Zink . 1996. Color paper map segmentation using eigenvector line-fitting . In Proceedings of the IEEE Southwest Symposium on Image Analysis and Interpretation. 190--194 . A. Khotanzad and E. Zink. 1996. Color paper map segmentation using eigenvector line-fitting. In Proceedings of the IEEE Southwest Symposium on Image Analysis and Interpretation. 190--194."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2003.1159943"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00141590"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17474230701218244"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","first-page":"615","article-title":"Raster scanning for operational digitizing of graphical data","volume":"48","author":"Leberl F. W.","year":"1982","unstructured":"F. W. Leberl and D. Olson . 1982 . Raster scanning for operational digitizing of graphical data . Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 48 , 4, 615 -- 672 . F. W. Leberl and D. Olson. 1982. Raster scanning for operational digitizing of graphical data. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 48, 4, 615--672.","journal-title":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","volume-title":"Graphics Recognition. Achievements, Challenges, and Evolution, J.-M","author":"Leyk S.","unstructured":"S. Leyk . 2010. Segmentation of colour layers in historical maps based on hierarchical colour sampling . In Graphics Recognition. Achievements, Challenges, and Evolution, J.-M . Ogier, W. Liu, and J. Llad\u00f3s, Eds., Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 6020 . Springer , Berlin, 231--241. S. Leyk. 2010. Segmentation of colour layers in historical maps based on hierarchical colour sampling. In Graphics Recognition. Achievements, Challenges, and Evolution, J.-M. Ogier, W. Liu, and J. Llad\u00f3s, Eds., Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 6020. Springer, Berlin, 231--241."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1559\/152304009787340115"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10707-008-0074-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2005.10.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100320050004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00154-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.\n      Llad\u00f3s E.\n      Valveny G.\n      Sanchez and \n      E.\n      Marti\n  . \n  2002\n  . Symbol recognition: Current advances and perspectives. In Graphics Recognition Algorithms and Applications D. Blostein and Y.-B. Kwon Eds. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. \n  2390\n  . \n  Springer Berlin 104--128.   J. Llad\u00f3s E. Valveny G. Sanchez and E. Marti. 2002. Symbol recognition: Current advances and perspectives. In Graphics Recognition Algorithms and Applications D. Blostein and Y.-B. Kwon Eds. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. 2390. Springer Berlin 104--128.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45868-9_9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","first-page":"207","article-title":"Color image segmentation: A state-of-the-art survey","volume":"67","author":"Lucchese L.","year":"2001","unstructured":"L. Lucchese and S. K. Mitra . 2001 . Color image segmentation: A state-of-the-art survey . Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy (INSA-A) , 67 , 2, 207 -- 221 . L. Lucchese and S. K. Mitra. 2001. Color image segmentation: A state-of-the-art survey. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy (INSA-A), 67, 2, 207--221.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy (INSA-A)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H.\n      Luo\n     and \n      R.\n      Kasturi\n  . \n  1998\n  . Improved directional morphological operations for separation of characters from maps\/graphics. In Graphics Recognition Algorithms and Systems K. Tombre and A. Chhabra Eds. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. \n  1389\n  . \n  Springer Berlin 35--47.   H. Luo and R. Kasturi. 1998. Improved directional morphological operations for separation of characters from maps\/graphics. In Graphics Recognition Algorithms and Systems K. Tombre and A. Chhabra Eds. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. 1389. Springer Berlin 35--47.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-64381-8_37"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. 253--256","author":"Maderlechner G.","unstructured":"G. Maderlechner and H. Mayer . 1995. Conversion of high level information from scanned maps into geographic information systems . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. 253--256 . G. Maderlechner and H. Mayer. 1995. Conversion of high level information from scanned maps into geographic information systems. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. 253--256."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Mao A. Rosenfeld and T. Kanungo. 2003. Document structure analysis algorithms: A literature survey. Document Recognition and Retrieval X 5010 197--207.  S. Mao A. Rosenfeld and T. Kanungo. 2003. Document structure analysis algorithms: A literature survey. Document Recognition and Retrieval X 5010 197--207.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.476326"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_1","volume-title":"User's Guide and Reference Manual. Computer Software and Support for Population Activities, INT\/96\/P74, United Nations Statistics Division","unstructured":"MapScan. 1998. MapScan for Windows Software Package for Automatic Map Data Entry , User's Guide and Reference Manual. Computer Software and Support for Population Activities, INT\/96\/P74, United Nations Statistics Division , New York, NY . MapScan. 1998. MapScan for Windows Software Package for Automatic Map Data Entry, User's Guide and Reference Manual. Computer Software and Support for Population Activities, INT\/96\/P74, United Nations Statistics Division, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability. 281--296","author":"McQueen J.","year":"1967","unstructured":"J. McQueen . 1967 . Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations . In Proceedings of the 5th Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability. 281--296 . J. McQueen. 1967. Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations. In Proceedings of the 5th Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability. 281--296."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSMC.2012.6377689"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2012.2233487"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1018429.1021049"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/362875.362878"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_101_1","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","volume-title":"Graphics Recognition Methods and Applications","author":"Myers G. K.","unstructured":"G. K. Myers , P. G. Mulgaonkar , C.-H. Chen , J. L. DeCurtins , and E. Chen 1996. Verification-based approach for automated text and feature extraction from raster-scanned maps . In Graphics Recognition Methods and Applications , Lecture Notes in Computer Science , Vol. 1072 . Springer , 190--203. G. K. Myers, P. G. Mulgaonkar, C.-H. Chen, J. L. DeCurtins, and E. Chen 1996. Verification-based approach for automated text and feature extraction from raster-scanned maps. In Graphics Recognition Methods and Applications, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 1072. Springer, 190--203."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_102_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the GIS\/LIS Conference. 89--97","author":"Nagy G.","unstructured":"G. Nagy , A. Samal , S. Seth , T. Fisher , E. Guthmann , K. Kalafala , L. Li , S. Sivasubramaniam , and Y. Xu . 1997. Reading street names from maps\u2014technical challenges . In Proceedings of the GIS\/LIS Conference. 89--97 . G. Nagy, A. Samal, S. Seth, T. Fisher, E. Guthmann, K. Kalafala, L. Li, S. Sivasubramaniam, and Y. Xu. 1997. Reading street names from maps\u2014technical challenges. In Proceedings of the GIS\/LIS Conference. 89--97."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_103_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SPIE Document Recognition and Retrieval IX. 182--191","author":"Najman L.","year":"2004","unstructured":"L. Najman . 2004 . Using mathematical morphology for document skew estimation . In Proceedings of the SPIE Document Recognition and Retrieval IX. 182--191 . L. Najman. 2004. Using mathematical morphology for document skew estimation. In Proceedings of the SPIE Document Recognition and Retrieval IX. 182--191."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_104_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th IAPR Workshop on Graphics Recognition. 229--244","author":"Ogier J.-M.","unstructured":"J.-M. Ogier , S. Adam , A. Bessaid , and H. Bechar . 2001. Automatic topographic color map analysis system . In Proceedings of the 4th IAPR Workshop on Graphics Recognition. 229--244 . J.-M. Ogier, S. Adam, A. Bessaid, and H. Bechar. 2001. Automatic topographic color map analysis system. In Proceedings of the 4th IAPR Workshop on Graphics Recognition. 229--244."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2011.06.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(93)90135-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_107_1","volume-title":"Structural Pattern Recognition","author":"Pavlidis T.","unstructured":"T. Pavlidis . 1977. Structural Pattern Recognition . Springer, New York , NY. T. Pavlidis. 1977. Structural Pattern Recognition. Springer, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016599627798"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SSIAI.2008.4512313"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_110_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Southwest Symposium on Image Analysis Interpretation. 85--88","author":"Pezeshk A.","unstructured":"A. Pezeshk and R. L. Tutwiler . 2010a. Extended character defect model for recognition of text from maps . In Proceedings of the IEEE Southwest Symposium on Image Analysis Interpretation. 85--88 . A. Pezeshk and R. L. Tutwiler. 2010a. Extended character defect model for recognition of text from maps. In Proceedings of the IEEE Southwest Symposium on Image Analysis Interpretation. 85--88."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_111_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 1078--1081","author":"Pezeshk A.","unstructured":"A. Pezeshk and R. L. Tutwiler . 2010b. Improved multi angled parallelism for separation of text from intersecting linear features in scanned topographic maps . In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 1078--1081 . A. Pezeshk and R. L. Tutwiler. 2010b. Improved multi angled parallelism for separation of text from intersecting linear features in scanned topographic maps. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 1078--1081."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2157697"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_113_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. 531--535","author":"Pouderoux J.","unstructured":"J. Pouderoux , J. C. Gonzato , A. Pereira , and P. Guitton . 2007. Toponym recognition in scanned color topographic maps . In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. 531--535 . J. Pouderoux, J. C. Gonzato, A. Pereira, and P. Guitton. 2007. Toponym recognition in scanned color topographic maps. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. 531--535."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_114_1","volume-title":"Digital Image Processing: PIKS Scientific Inside","author":"Pratt W. K.","unstructured":"W. K. Pratt . 2001. Digital Image Processing: PIKS Scientific Inside , 3 rd ed. Wiley-Interscience . W. K. Pratt. 2001. Digital Image Processing: PIKS Scientific Inside, 3rd ed. Wiley-Interscience.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.761261"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R.\n      Raveaux E.\n      Barbu H.\n      Locteau S.\n      Adam P.\n      H\u00e9roux and \n      E.\n      Trupin\n  . \n  2007\n  . A graph classification approach using a multi-objective genetic algorithm application to symbol recognition. In Graph-Based Representations in Pattern Recognition F. Escolano and M. Vento Eds. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. \n  4538\n  . \n  Springer 361--370.   R. Raveaux E. Barbu H. Locteau S. Adam P. H\u00e9roux and E. Trupin. 2007. A graph classification approach using a multi-objective genetic algorithm application to symbol recognition. In Graph-Based Representations in Pattern Recognition F. Escolano and M. Vento Eds. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. 4538. Springer 361--370.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-72903-7_33"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DAS.2008.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/839288.842251"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_119_1","unstructured":"A. Rosenfeld and A. C. Kak. 1982. Digital Picture Processing 2nd ed. Academic Press New York NY.   A. Rosenfeld and A. C. Kak. 1982. Digital Picture Processing 2nd ed. Academic Press New York NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_120_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. 243--248","author":"R\u00f6\u00f6sli M.","unstructured":"M. R\u00f6\u00f6sli and G. Monagan . 1995. A high quality vectorization combining local quality measures and global constraints . In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. 243--248 . M. R\u00f6\u00f6sli and G. Monagan. 1995. A high quality vectorization combining local quality measures and global constraints. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. 243--248."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1977.4309663"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0734-189X(88)90022-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10032-006-0034-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_125_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Winter School of Computer Graphics. 1--3.","author":"Salvatore S.","unstructured":"S. Salvatore and P. Guitton . 2004. Contour line recognition from scanned topographic maps . In Proceedings of the Winter School of Computer Graphics. 1--3. S. Salvatore and P. Guitton. 2004. Contour line recognition from scanned topographic maps. In Proceedings of the Winter School of Computer Graphics. 1--3."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100320050009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2012.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1018415.1019196"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100320050015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/83.597268"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Steger H. Mayer and B. Radig. 1997. The role of grouping for road extraction. In Automatic Extraction of Man-Made Objects from Aerial and Space Images (II) 245--256.  C. Steger H. Mayer and B. Radig. 1997. The role of grouping for road extraction. In Automatic Extraction of Man-Made Objects from Aerial and Space Images (II) 245--256.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-0348-8906-3_24"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOM.1981.1094946"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(90)90137-A"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K.\n      Tombre C.\n      Ah-Soon P.\n      Dosch G.\n      Masini and \n      S.\n      Tabbone\n  . \n  2000\n  . Stable and robust vectorization: How to make the right choices. In Graphics Recognition Recent Advances A. Chhabra and D. Dori Eds. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. \n  1941\n  . \n  Springer Berlin 3--18.   K. Tombre C. Ah-Soon P. Dosch G. Masini and S. Tabbone. 2000. Stable and robust vectorization: How to make the right choices. In Graphics Recognition Recent Advances A. Chhabra and D. Dori Eds. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. 1941. Springer Berlin 3--18.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-40953-X_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_135_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems V (DAS'02)","author":"Tombre K.","unstructured":"K. Tombre , S. Tabbone , L. P\u00e9lissier , B. Lamiroy , and P. Dosch . 2002. Text\/graphics separation revisited . In Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems V (DAS'02) , D. P. Lopresti, J. Hu, and R. S. Kashi, Eds., Springer-Verlag, London, UK, 200--211. K. Tombre, S. Tabbone, L. P\u00e9lissier, B. Lamiroy, and P. Dosch. 2002. Text\/graphics separation revisited. In Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems V (DAS'02), D. P. Lopresti, J. Hu, and R. S. Kashi, Eds., Springer-Verlag, London, UK, 200--211."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.588025"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.\n      Vel\u00e1zquez\n     and \n      S.\n      Levachkine\n  . \n  2004\n  . Text\/graphics separation and recognition in raster-scanned color cartographic maps. In Graphics Recognition J. Llad\u00f3s and Y.-B. Kwon Eds. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. \n  3088\n  . \n  Springer 63--74.  A. Vel\u00e1zquez and S. Levachkine. 2004. Text\/graphics separation and recognition in raster-scanned color cartographic maps. In Graphics Recognition J. Llad\u00f3s and Y.-B. Kwon Eds. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. 3088. Springer 63--74.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-25977-0_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_138_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. 805--808","author":"Watanabe T.","unstructured":"T. Watanabe and R. Zhang . 1997. Recognition of character strings from color urban map images on the basis of validation mechanism . In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. 805--808 . T. Watanabe and R. Zhang. 1997. Recognition of character strings from color urban map images on the basis of validation mechanism. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. 805--808."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_139_1","first-page":"113","article-title":"Kartographische mustererkennung","volume":"38","author":"Wigand W.","year":"1988","unstructured":"W. Wigand . 1988 . Kartographische mustererkennung . Kartographische Nachrichten 38 , 113 -- 120 . W. Wigand. 1988. Kartographische mustererkennung. Kartographische Nachrichten 38, 113--120.","journal-title":"Kartographische Nachrichten"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9671.00114"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.183755"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_142_1","first-page":"275","article-title":"Contour line extraction from paper-based topographic maps","volume":"1","author":"Xin D.","year":"2006","unstructured":"D. Xin , X. Zhou , and H. Zheng . 2006 . Contour line extraction from paper-based topographic maps . Journal of Information and Computing Science 1 , 5, 275 -- 283 . D. Xin, X. Zhou, and H. Zheng. 2006. Contour line extraction from paper-based topographic maps. Journal of Information and Computing Science 1, 5, 275--283.","journal-title":"Journal of Information and Computing Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.206957"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_144_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. 914--917","author":"Yamamoto K.","unstructured":"K. Yamamoto , H. Yamada , and S. Muraki . 1993. Symbol recognition and surface reconstruction from topographic map by parallel method . In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. 914--917 . K. Yamamoto, H. Yamada, and S. Muraki. 1993. Symbol recognition and surface reconstruction from topographic map by parallel method. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. 914--917."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1357831"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_146_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Research and implementation of automatic color segmentation algorithm for scanned color maps","volume":"15","author":"Zheng H.-L.","year":"2003","unstructured":"H.-L. Zheng , X.-Z. Zhou , and J.-Y. Wang . 2003 . Research and implementation of automatic color segmentation algorithm for scanned color maps . Journal of Computer-Aided Design and Computer Graphics 15 , 1, 29 -- 33 . H.-L. Zheng, X.-Z. Zhou, and J.-Y. Wang. 2003. Research and implementation of automatic color segmentation algorithm for scanned color maps. Journal of Computer-Aided Design and Computer Graphics 15, 1, 29--33.","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Aided Design and Computer Graphics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00225-4"}],"container-title":["ACM Computing Surveys"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2557423","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2557423","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T07:34:41Z","timestamp":1750232081000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2557423"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"references-count":145,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2557423"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2557423","relation":{},"ISSN":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0360-0300","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7341","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-02-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-11-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-05-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}