{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:20:32Z","timestamp":1750306832075,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,10]],"date-time":"2014-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1394409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSFC-U1301256, EECS-0901686, and CSR-0720640"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSFC-U1301256, EECS-0901686, and CSR-0720640"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000180","name":"U.S. Department of Homeland Security","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000180","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The primary goal of breadcrumb trail sensor networks is to transmit in real-time users' physiological parameters that measure life-critical functions to an incident commander through reliable multihop communication. In applications using breadcrumb solutions, there are often many users working together, and this creates a well-known body shadowing effect (BSE). In this article, we first measure the characteristics of body shadowing for 2.4GHz sensor nodes. Our empirical results show that the body shadowing effect leads to severe packet loss and consequently very poor real-time performance. Then we develop a novel\n            <jats:italic>Intentional Forwarding<\/jats:italic>\n            solution. This solution accurately detects the shadowing mode and enables selected neighbors to forward data packets. Experimental results from a fully implemented testbed demonstrate that Intentional Forwarding is able to improve the end-to-end average packet delivery ratio (PDR) from 58% to 93% and worst-case PDR from 45% to 85%, and is able to meet soft real-time requirements even under severe body shadowing problems.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2557633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,18]],"date-time":"2014-03-18T12:09:07Z","timestamp":1395144547000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Providing reliable and real-time delivery in the presence of body shadowing in breadcrumb systems"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hengchang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HKUST, Telekom Innovation Laboratories and Aalto University"}]},{"given":"Zhiheng","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Virginia"}]},{"given":"Jingyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Virginia"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Siu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OCEANIT Inc."}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of William and Mary"}]},{"given":"Liusheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Stankovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Virginia"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/863955.863960"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2007.908563"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","article-title":"Adaptive filtering for indoor localization using Zigbee RSSI and LQI measurement","author":"Halder S.","year":"2011","unstructured":"S. Halder and W. Kim . 2011 . Adaptive filtering for indoor localization using Zigbee RSSI and LQI measurement . IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybernet. S. Halder and W. Kim. 2011. Adaptive filtering for indoor localization using Zigbee RSSI and LQI measurement. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybernet.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybernet."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON).","author":"Ho M.","key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"M. Ho and K. Fall . 2004. Poster: Delay tolerant networking for sensor networks . In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON). M. Ho and K. Fall. 2004. Poster: Delay tolerant networking for sensor networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1098918.1098926"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st USENIX\/ACM Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI).","author":"Levis P.","key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"P. Levis , S. Madden , D. Gay , J. Polastre , R. Szewczyk , A. Woo , E. Brewer , and D. Culler . 2004. The emergence of networking abstractions and techniques in TinyOS . In Proceedings of the 1st USENIX\/ACM Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI). P. Levis, S. Madden, D. Gay, J. Polastre, R. Szewczyk, A. Woo, E. Brewer, and D. Culler. 2004. The emergence of networking abstractions and techniques in TinyOS. In Proceedings of the 1st USENIX\/ACM Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1869983.1870014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978642.1978644"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1814433.1814438"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE PIMRC.","author":"Liu H.","key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"H. Liu , Z. Xie , J. Li , S. Lin , K. Whitehouse , D. Siu , and J. A. Stankovic . 2011. Efficient and reliable breadcrumb systems via coordination among multiple first responders . In Proceedings of IEEE PIMRC. H. Liu, Z. Xie, J. Li, S. Lin, K. Whitehouse, D. Siu, and J. A. Stankovic. 2011. Efficient and reliable breadcrumb systems via coordination among multiple first responders. In Proceedings of IEEE PIMRC."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1042046.1042051"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of EWSN.","author":"Miluzzo E.","key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"E. Miluzzo , X. Zheng , K. Fodor , and A. T. Campbell . 2008. Radio characterization of 15.4 and its impact on the design of mobile sensor networks . In Proceedings of EWSN. E. Miluzzo, X. Zheng, K. Fodor, and A. T. Campbell. 2008. Radio characterization of 15.4 and its impact on the design of mobile sensor networks. In Proceedings of EWSN."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE NTMS.","author":"Oliveira C.","key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"C. Oliveira , L. Pedrosa , and R. Rocha . 2008. Characterizing on-body wireless sensor networks . In Proceedings of IEEE NTMS. C. Oliveira, L. Pedrosa, and R. Rocha. 2008. Characterizing on-body wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of IEEE NTMS."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1814539.1814553"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE MCN.","author":"Refaei M.","key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"M. Refaei , N. Moayeri , and M. Souryal . 2008. Interference avoidance in rapidly deployed wireless ad hoc incident area networks . In Proceedings of IEEE MCN. M. Refaei, N. Moayeri, and M. Souryal. 2008. Interference avoidance in rapidly deployed wireless ad hoc incident area networks. In Proceedings of IEEE MCN."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1322263.1322274"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Electro\/Information Technology.","author":"Sha K.","key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"K. Sha , W. Shi , and O. Watkins . 2006. Using wireless sensor networks for fire rescue applications: Requirements and challenges . In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Electro\/Information Technology. K. Sha, W. Shi, and O. Watkins. 2006. Using wireless sensor networks for fire rescue applications: Requirements and challenges. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Electro\/Information Technology."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BSN.2009.36"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1247660.1247673"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of ICC.","author":"Wapf A.","key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"A. Wapf and M. R. Souryal . 2009. Measuring indoor mobile wireless link quality . In Proceedings of ICC. A. Wapf and M. R. Souryal. 2009. Measuring indoor mobile wireless link quality. 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In Proceedings of the 25th IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM)."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2557633","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2557633","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T08:09:50Z","timestamp":1750234190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2557633"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,10]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2557633"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2557633","relation":{},"ISSN":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1539-9087"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1558-3465"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-12-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-11-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-03-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}