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Our first contribution is a new mechanism to sense road occupancy, based on variation in RF link characteristics, when line of sight between a transmitter-receiver pair is obstructed. We design algorithms to classify traffic states into two classes, free-flow versus congested, at timescales of 20 seconds with greater than 90% accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>We also present a traffic queue length measurement system, where a network of RF sensors can correlate the traffic state classification decisions of individual sensors and detect traffic queue length in real time. Deployment of our system on a Mumbai road gives correct estimates, validated against 9 hours of image-based ground truth. Our third contribution is a large-scale data-driven study, in collaboration with city traffic authorities, to answer questions regarding road-specific classification model training. Finally, we explore multilevel classification into seven different traffic states using a larger set of RF-based features and careful choice of classification algorithms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2560189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,29]],"date-time":"2014-08-29T13:03:31Z","timestamp":1409317411000},"page":"1-32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Road-RFSense: A Practical RF Sensing--Based Road Traffic Estimation System for Developing Regions"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Rijurekha","family":"Sen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abhinav","family":"Maurya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bhaskaran","family":"Raman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rupesh","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramkrishnan","family":"Kalyanaraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amarjeet","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2012.6399360"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of 19th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM'00)","author":"Bahl Paramvir","key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Paramvir Bahl and Venkata N. 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