{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T11:47:00Z","timestamp":1773834420581,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]],"date-time":"2014-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001866","name":"Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001866","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Configuration in the domain of Integrated Control Systems (ICS) is largely manual, laborious, and error prone. In this article, we propose a model-based configuration approach that provides automation support for reducing configuration effort and the likelihood of configuration errors in the ICS domain. We ground our approach on component-based specifications of ICS families. We then develop a configuration algorithm using constraint satisfaction techniques over finite domains to generate products that are consistent with respect to their ICS family specifications. We reason about the termination and consistency of our configuration algorithm analytically. We evaluate the effectiveness of our configuration approach by applying it to a real subsea oil production system. Specifically, we have rebuilt a number of existing verified product configurations of our industry partner. Our experience shows that our approach can automatically infer up to 50% of the configuration decisions, and reduces the complexity of making configuration decisions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2581376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,27]],"date-time":"2014-05-27T12:56:59Z","timestamp":1401195419000},"page":"1-43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Architecture-Level Configuration of Large-Scale Embedded Software Systems"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Razieh","family":"Behjati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Simula Research Laboratory, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiva","family":"Nejati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lionel C.","family":"Briand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11554844_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-31491-9_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33666-9_32"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2012.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Bessiere. 2006. Constraint propagation. Tech. rep. http:\/\/www.math.unipd.it\/&sim;frossi\/bessiere.  C. Bessiere. 2006. Constraint propagation. Tech. rep. http:\/\/www.math.unipd.it\/&sim;frossi\/bessiere.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1574-6526(06)80007-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SPLC Workshop on Software Variability Management for Product Derivation -- Towards Tool Support. 48--58","author":"Bontemps Y.","unstructured":"Y. Bontemps , P. Heymans , P. Y. Schobbens , and J. C. Trigaux . 2004. Semantics of foda feature diagrams . In Proceedings of the SPLC Workshop on Software Variability Management for Product Derivation -- Towards Tool Support. 48--58 . Y. Bontemps, P. Heymans, P. Y. Schobbens, and J. C. Trigaux. 2004. Semantics of foda feature diagrams. In Proceedings of the SPLC Workshop on Software Variability Management for Product Derivation -- Towards Tool Support. 48--58."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th International Colloquium on Theoretical Aspects of Computing (ICTAC'10)","author":"Borba P.","unstructured":"P. Borba , L. Teixeira , and R. Gheyi . 2010. A theory of software product line refinement . In Proceedings of the 7th International Colloquium on Theoretical Aspects of Computing (ICTAC'10) . 15--43. P. Borba, L. Teixeira, and R. Gheyi. 2010. A theory of software product line refinement. In Proceedings of the 7th International Colloquium on Theoretical Aspects of Computing (ICTAC'10). 15--43."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1321631.1321737"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSTW.2008.54"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1471068411000482"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Programming Languages: Implementations, Logics and Programs (PLILP'97)","author":"Carlsson M.","unstructured":"M. Carlsson , G. Ottosson , and B. Carlson . 1997. An open-ended finite domain constraint solver . In Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Programming Languages: Implementations, Logics and Programs (PLILP'97) . 191--206. M. Carlsson, G. Ottosson, and B. Carlson. 1997. An open-ended finite domain constraint solver. In Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Programming Languages: Implementations, Logics and Programs (PLILP'97). 191--206."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"T. H. Cormen C. E. Leiserson R. L. Rivest and C. Stein. 2001. Introduction to Algorithms 2nd Ed. McGraw-Hill Science\/Engineering\/Math.   T. H. Cormen C. E. Leiserson R. L. Rivest and C. Stein. 2001. Introduction to Algorithms 2 nd Ed. McGraw-Hill Science\/Engineering\/Math."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGPLAN\/SIGSOFT Conference on Generative Programming and Component Engineering (GPCE'02)","author":"Czarnecki K.","unstructured":"K. Czarnecki , T. Bednasch , P. Unger , and U. W. Eisenecker . 2002. Generative programming for embedded software: An industrial experience report . In Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGPLAN\/SIGSOFT Conference on Generative Programming and Component Engineering (GPCE'02) . 156--172. K. Czarnecki, T. Bednasch, P. Unger, and U. W. Eisenecker. 2002. Generative programming for embedded software: An industrial experience report. In Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGPLAN\/SIGSOFT Conference on Generative Programming and Component Engineering (GPCE'02). 156--172."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Generative Programming: Methods, Tools, and Applications","author":"Czarnecki K.","year":"2000","unstructured":"K. Czarnecki and U. W. Eisenecker . 2000 . Generative Programming: Methods, Tools, and Applications . ACM Press\/Addison-Wesley Publishing . K. Czarnecki and U. W. Eisenecker. 2000. Generative Programming: Methods, Tools, and Applications. ACM Press\/Addison-Wesley Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Software Product Lines (SPLC'04)","author":"Czarnecki K.","unstructured":"K. Czarnecki , S. Helsen , and U. Eisenecker . 2004. Staged configuration using feature models . In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Software Product Lines (SPLC'04) . 266--283. K. Czarnecki, S. Helsen, and U. Eisenecker. 2004. Staged configuration using feature models. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Software Product Lines (SPLC'04). 266--283."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/spip.213"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of Workshop on Software Factories at OOPSLA.","author":"Czarnecki K.","unstructured":"K. Czarnecki and P. Kim . 2005. Cardinality-based feature modeling and constraints: A progress report . In Proceedings of Workshop on Software Factories at OOPSLA. K. Czarnecki and P. Kim. 2005. Cardinality-based feature modeling and constraints: A progress report. In Proceedings of Workshop on Software Factories at OOPSLA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-3702(02)00120-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2003.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1134285.1134339"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Software Reuse (ICSR'98)","author":"Griss M. L.","unstructured":"M. L. Griss , J. Favaro , and M. Alessandro . 1998. Integrating feature modeling with the rseb . In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Software Reuse (ICSR'98) . 76. M. L. Griss, J. Favaro, and M. Alessandro. 1998. Integrating feature modeling with the rseb. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Software Reuse (ICSR'98). 76."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the PETO Conference. 131--138","author":"Hadzic T.","unstructured":"T. Hadzic , S. Subbarayan , R. M. Jensen , H. R. Andersen , J. M\u00f8ller , and H. Hulgaard . 2004. Fast backtrack-free product configuration using a precompiled solution space representation . In Proceedings of the PETO Conference. 131--138 . T. Hadzic, S. Subbarayan, R. M. Jensen, H. R. Andersen, J. M\u00f8ller, and H. Hulgaard. 2004. Fast backtrack-free product configuration using a precompiled solution space representation. In Proceedings of the PETO Conference. 131--138."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Constraint Programming: Basics and Trends. 293--316.","author":"Hentenryck P. V.","year":"1995","unstructured":"P. V. Hentenryck , V. A. Saraswat , and Y. Deville . 1995 . Design, implementation, and evaluation of the constraint language cc(fd). In Proceedings of the Selected Papers from Constraint Programming: Basics and Trends. 293--316. P. V. Hentenryck, V. A. Saraswat, and Y. Deville. 1995. Design, implementation, and evaluation of the constraint language cc(fd). In Proceedings of the Selected Papers from Constraint Programming: Basics and Trends. 293--316."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-sen:20070055"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6423(02)00032-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-11266-9_44"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1308171.1308184"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"K. C. Kang S. G. Cohen J. A. Hess W. E. Novak and A. S. Peterson. 1990. Feature-oriented domain analysis (foda) feasibility study. Tech. rep. CMU\/SEI-90-TR-21. http:\/\/www.sei.cmu.edu\/reports\/90tr021.pdf.  K. C. Kang S. G. Cohen J. A. Hess W. E. Novak and A. S. Peterson. 1990. Feature-oriented domain analysis (foda) feasibility study. Tech. rep. CMU\/SEI-90-TR-21. http:\/\/www.sei.cmu.edu\/reports\/90tr021.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/590631.590645"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/130844.130856"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"UML 2 Semantics and Applications","author":"Lano K.","unstructured":"K. Lano . 2009. UML 2 Semantics and Applications . John Wiley and Sons . K. Lano. 2009. UML 2 Semantics and Applications. John Wiley and Sons."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Action: The Best Industrial Practice in Product Line Engineering","author":"Linden F. J.","year":"2007","unstructured":"F. J. Linden , K. Schmid , and E. Rommes . 2007 . Software Product Lines in Action: The Best Industrial Practice in Product Line Engineering . Springer . F. J. Linden, K. Schmid, and E. Rommes. 2007. Software Product Lines in Action: The Best Industrial Practice in Product Line Engineering. Springer."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(77)90007-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Evaluation of Novel Approaches to Software Engineering (ENASE'11)","author":"Mazo R.","unstructured":"R. Mazo , C. Salinesi , D. Diaz , and A. Lora-Michiels . 2011. Transforming attribute and clone-enabled feature odels into constraint programs over finite domains . In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Evaluation of Novel Approaches to Software Engineering (ENASE'11) . R. Mazo, C. Salinesi, D. Diaz, and A. Lora-Michiels. 2011. Transforming attribute and clone-enabled feature odels into constraint programs over finite domains. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Evaluation of Novel Approaches to Software Engineering (ENASE'11)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","unstructured":"V. Myll\u00e4rniemi T. Asikainen T. M\u00e4nnist\u00f6 and T. Soininen. 2005. Kumbang configurator--A configuration tool for software product families. http:\/\/www.soberit.hut.fi\/pdmg\/papers\/myll05kum.pdf.  V. Myll\u00e4rniemi T. Asikainen T. M\u00e4nnist\u00f6 and T. Soininen. 2005. Kumbang configurator--A configuration tool for software product families. http:\/\/www.soberit.hut.fi\/pdmg\/papers\/myll05kum.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"OMG. 2009. UML profile for marte: Modeling and analysis of real-time embedded systems. http:\/\/www.omgmarte.org\/.  OMG. 2009. UML profile for marte: Modeling and analysis of real-time embedded systems. http:\/\/www.omgmarte.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","unstructured":"OMG. 2010. OMG unified modeling language (omg uml) superstructure specification v2.3. http:\/\/www.cs.colostate.edu\/&sim;france\/CS517\/Slides\/CurrentSlides\/UML2.3-10-05-05.pdf.  OMG. 2010. OMG unified modeling language (omg uml) superstructure specification v2.3. http:\/\/www.cs.colostate.edu\/&sim;france\/CS517\/Slides\/CurrentSlides\/UML2.3-10-05-05.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"OMG. 2012. OMG object constraint language (omg ocl) version 2.3.1. http:\/\/www.omg.org\/spec\/OCL\/2.3.1\/.  OMG. 2012. OMG object constraint language (omg ocl) version 2.3.1. http:\/\/www.omg.org\/spec\/OCL\/2.3.1\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.1976.233797"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPLC.2008.38"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Automated Configuration Problem Solving","author":"Petrie C. J.","unstructured":"C. J. Petrie . 2012. Automated Configuration Problem Solving . Springer . C. J. Petrie. 2012. Automated Configuration Problem Solving. Springer."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Pohl G. B\u00f6ckle and F. J. Linden. 2005. Software Product Line Engineering: Foundations Principles and Techniques. Springer.   K. Pohl G. B\u00f6ckle and F. J. Linden. 2005. Software Product Line Engineering: Foundations Principles and Techniques. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-28901-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Richters. 2001. A precise approach to validating uml models and ocl constraints. Master's thesis Universit\u00e4t Bremen.  M. Richters. 2001. A precise approach to validating uml models and ocl constraints. Master's thesis Universit\u00e4t Bremen.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-40011-7_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","unstructured":"M. Riebisch K. B\u00f6llert D. Streitferdt and I. Philippow. 2002. Extending feature diagrams with uml multiplicities. http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download&quest;doi&equals; 10.1.1.15.1653&rep&equals;&equals; rep1&type&equals;&equals;pdf.  M. Riebisch K. B\u00f6llert D. Streitferdt and I. Philippow. 2002. Extending feature diagrams with uml multiplicities. http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download&quest;doi&equals; 10.1.1.15.1653&rep&equals;&equals; rep1&type&equals;&equals;pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","unstructured":"F. Rossi P. van Beek and T. Walsh. 2006. Handbook of Constraint Programming. Elsevier Science.   F. Rossi P. van Beek and T. Walsh. 2006. Handbook of Constraint Programming. Elsevier Science."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RE.2006.23"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2006.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","unstructured":"SICStus. 2012. SICStus Prolog. www.sics.se\/sicstus\/.  SICStus. 2012. SICStus Prolog. www.sics.se\/sicstus\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Software Product Lines (SPLC'04)","author":"Sinnema M.","unstructured":"M. Sinnema , S. Deelstra , J. Nijhuis , and J. Bosch . 2004. COVAMOF: A framework for modeling variability in software product families . In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Software Product Lines (SPLC'04) . 197--213. M. Sinnema, S. Deelstra, J. Nijhuis, and J. Bosch. 2004. COVAMOF: A framework for modeling variability in software product families. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Software Product Lines (SPLC'04). 197--213."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","unstructured":"M. Stephan and M. Antkiewicz. 2008. Ecore.fmp: A tool for editing and instantiating class models as feature models. Tech. rep. University of Waterloo Ontario Canada.  M. Stephan and M. Antkiewicz. 2008. Ecore.fmp: A tool for editing and instantiating class models as feature models. Tech. rep. University of Waterloo Ontario Canada."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1141277.1141370"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WICSA.2001.948406"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","unstructured":"D. M. Weiss and R. Lai. 1999. Software Product-Line Engineering: A Family-Based Software Development Process. Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing.   D. M. Weiss and R. Lai. 1999. Software Product-Line Engineering: A Family-Based Software Development Process. Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE'12)","author":"Xiong Y.","unstructured":"Y. Xiong , A. Hubaux , S. She , and K. Czarnecki . 2012. Generating range fixes for software configuration . In Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE'12) . Y. Xiong, A. Hubaux, S. She, and K. Czarnecki. 2012. Generating range fixes for software configuration. In Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE'12)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","unstructured":"L. Xu and B. Y. Choueiry. 2001. A comparative study of arc-consistency algorithms. http:\/\/www.cs.ubc.ca\/&sim;xulin730\/mypaper\/LXu-ACvsMAC.pdf.  L. Xu and B. Y. Choueiry. 2001. A comparative study of arc-consistency algorithms. http:\/\/www.cs.ubc.ca\/&sim;xulin730\/mypaper\/LXu-ACvsMAC.pdf."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2581376","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2581376","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T08:10:20Z","timestamp":1750234220000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2581376"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2581376"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2581376","relation":{},"ISSN":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1049-331X","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-10-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-02-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-06-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}