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These domains present challenging problems in terms of human-machine collaboration: human users need to task the network to help them achieve mission objectives, while humans (sometimes the same individuals) are also sources of mission-critical information. We propose a natural language-based conversational approach to supporting humanmachine working in mission-oriented sensor networks. We present a model for human-machine and machine-machine interactions in a realistic mission context, and evaluate the model using an existing surveillance mission scenario. The model supports the flow of conversations from full natural language to a form of Controlled Natural Language (CNL) amenable to machine processing and automated reasoning, including high-level information fusion tasks. We introduce a mechanism for presenting the gist of verbose CNL expressions in a more convenient form for human users. We show how the conversational interactions supported by the model include requests for expansions and explanations of machine-processed information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2581555.2581568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,13]],"date-time":"2014-02-13T13:57:05Z","timestamp":1392299825000},"page":"75-84","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Human-machine conversations to support multi-agency missions"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Alun","family":"Preece","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}]},{"given":"Dave","family":"Braines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Technology Services, IBM United Kingdom Ltd, Winchester, UK"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Pizzocaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Parizas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198245537.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Proc Ground\/Air Multisensor Interoperability, Integration, and Networking for Persistent ISR III (SPIE Vol 8389)","author":"Broome B.","year":"2012","unstructured":"B. Broome . Data-to-decisions: a transdisciplinary approach to decision support efforts at ARL . In Proc Ground\/Air Multisensor Interoperability, Integration, and Networking for Persistent ISR III (SPIE Vol 8389) . SPIE , 2012 . B. Broome. Data-to-decisions: a transdisciplinary approach to decision support efforts at ARL. In Proc Ground\/Air Multisensor Interoperability, Integration, and Networking for Persistent ISR III (SPIE Vol 8389). SPIE, 2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"FIPA communicative act library specification","author":"Intelligent Physical Agents Foundation For","year":"2002","unstructured":"Foundation For Intelligent Physical Agents . FIPA communicative act library specification , 2002 . Foundation For Intelligent Physical Agents. FIPA communicative act library specification, 2002."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"235","volume-title":"Readings in agents","author":"Labrou Y.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Y. Labrou and T. Finin . Semantics and conversations for an agent communication language . In M. N. Huhns and M. P. Singh, editors, Readings in agents , pages 235 -- 242 . Morgan Kaufman , 1998 . Y. Labrou and T. Finin. Semantics and conversations for an agent communication language. In M. N. Huhns and M. P. Singh, editors, Readings in agents, pages 235--242. Morgan Kaufman, 1998."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Summary of ITA Controlled English","author":"Mott D.","year":"2010","unstructured":"D. Mott . Summary of ITA Controlled English , 2010 . D. Mott. Summary of ITA Controlled English, 2010."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"3rd Annual Conference of the International Technology Alliance (ACITA)","author":"Mott D.","year":"2009","unstructured":"D. Mott and J. Hendler . Layered controlled natural languages . In 3rd Annual Conference of the International Technology Alliance (ACITA) , 2009 . D. Mott and J. Hendler. Layered controlled natural languages. In 3rd Annual Conference of the International Technology Alliance (ACITA), 2009."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Proc Ground\/Air Multisensor Interoperability, Integration, and Networking for Persistent ISR IV (SPIE Vol 8742)","author":"Parizas C.","year":"2013","unstructured":"C. Parizas , D. Pizzocaro , A. Preece , and P. Zerfos . Managing isr sharing policies at the network edge using controlled english . In Proc Ground\/Air Multisensor Interoperability, Integration, and Networking for Persistent ISR IV (SPIE Vol 8742) . SPIE , 2013 . C. Parizas, D. Pizzocaro, A. Preece, and P. Zerfos. Managing isr sharing policies at the network edge using controlled english. In Proc Ground\/Air Multisensor Interoperability, Integration, and Networking for Persistent ISR IV (SPIE Vol 8742). SPIE, 2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proc 11th International Conference on Information Fusion","author":"Pham T.","year":"2008","unstructured":"T. Pham , G. Cirincione , D. Verma , and G. Pearson . Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaisance fusion for coalition operations . In Proc 11th International Conference on Information Fusion , 2008 . T. Pham, G. Cirincione, D. Verma, and G. Pearson. Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaisance fusion for coalition operations. In Proc 11th International Conference on Information Fusion, 2008."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Proc Ground\/Air Multisensor Interoperability, Integration, and Networking for Persistent ISR III (SPIE Vol 8389)","author":"Preece A.","year":"2012","unstructured":"A. Preece , D. Pizzocaro , D. Braines , and D. Mott . Tasking and sharing sensing assets using controlled natural language . In Proc Ground\/Air Multisensor Interoperability, Integration, and Networking for Persistent ISR III (SPIE Vol 8389) . SPIE , 2012 . A. Preece, D. Pizzocaro, D. Braines, and D. Mott. Tasking and sharing sensing assets using controlled natural language. In Proc Ground\/Air Multisensor Interoperability, Integration, and Networking for Persistent ISR III (SPIE Vol 8389). SPIE, 2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Proc 15th International Conference on Information Fusion","author":"Preece A.","year":"2012","unstructured":"A. Preece , D. Pizzocaro , D. Braines , D. Mott , G. de Mel , and T. Pham . Integrating hard and soft information sources for D2D using controlled natural language . In Proc 15th International Conference on Information Fusion , 2012 . A. Preece, D. Pizzocaro, D. Braines, D. Mott, G. de Mel, and T. Pham. Integrating hard and soft information sources for D2D using controlled natural language. In Proc 15th International Conference on Information Fusion, 2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"J. Sowa. Common Logic Controlled English 200"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"IEEE\/ISIF Fusion 2009 Conference","author":"Wright J.","year":"2009","unstructured":"J. Wright , C. Gibson , F. Bergamaschi , K. Marcus , R. P. K. Marcus , R. Pressley , G. Verma , and G. Whipps . A dynamic infrastructure for interconnecting disparate ISR\/ISTAR assets (the ITA Sensor Fabric) . In IEEE\/ISIF Fusion 2009 Conference , June 2009 . J. Wright, C. Gibson, F. Bergamaschi, K. Marcus, R. P. K. Marcus, R. Pressley, G. Verma, and G. Whipps. A dynamic infrastructure for interconnecting disparate ISR\/ISTAR assets (the ITA Sensor Fabric). In IEEE\/ISIF Fusion 2009 Conference, June 2009."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"17th ICCRTS \"Operationalizing C2 Agility\"","author":"Xue P.","year":"2012","unstructured":"P. Xue , D. Mott , D. Braines , S. Poteet , A. Kao , C. Giammanco , T. Pham , and R. McGowan . Information extraction using controlled english to support knowledge-sharing and decision-making . In 17th ICCRTS \"Operationalizing C2 Agility\" 2012 . P. Xue, D. Mott, D. Braines, S. Poteet, A. Kao, C. Giammanco, T. Pham, and R. McGowan. 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