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Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a novel design for an optical see-through augmented reality display that offers a wide field of view and supports a compact form factor approaching ordinary eyeglasses. Instead of conventional optics, our design uses only two simple hardware components: an LCD panel and an array of point light sources (implemented as an edge-lit, etched acrylic sheet) placed directly in front of the eye, out of focus. We code the point light sources through the LCD to form miniature see-through projectors. A virtual aperture encoded on the LCD allows the projectors to be tiled, creating an arbitrarily wide field of view. Software rearranges the target augmented image into tiled sub-images sent to the display, which appear as the correct image when observed out of the viewer's accommodation range. We evaluate the design space of tiled point light projectors with an emphasis on increasing spatial resolution through the use of eye tracking. We demonstrate feasibility through software simulations and a real-time prototype display that offers a 110\u00b0 diagonal field of view in the form factor of large glasses and discuss remaining challenges to constructing a practical display.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2601097.2601141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,22]],"date-time":"2014-07-22T15:08:20Z","timestamp":1406041700000},"page":"1-11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Pinlight displays"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Maimone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Lanman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NVIDIA Research"}]},{"given":"Kishore","family":"Rathinavel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}]},{"given":"Kurtis","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Luebke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NVIDIA Research"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.015223"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2005.27"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","first-page":"761803","volume-title":"Proc. SPIE 7618","author":"Cakmakci O.","year":"1803","unstructured":"Cakmakci , O. , Thompson , K. , Vallee , P. , Cote , J. , and Rolland , J. P . 2010. Design of a free-form single-element head-worn display . Proc. SPIE 7618 , Emerging Liquid Crystal Technologies V, 76 1803 - 761803 - 761806 . Cakmakci, O., Thompson, K., Vallee, P., Cote, J., and Rolland, J. P. 2010. Design of a free-form single-element head-worn display. Proc. SPIE 7618, Emerging Liquid Crystal Technologies V, 761803-761803-6."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","volume-title":"-R","author":"Chaing H.-C.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chaing , H.-C. , Ho , T.-Y. , and Sheu , C . -R ., 2005 . Structure for reducing the diffraction effect in periodic electrode arrangements and liquid crystal device including the same. US Patent. US 6977705. Chaing, H.-C., Ho, T.-Y., and Sheu, C.-R., 2005. Structure for reducing the diffraction effect in periodic electrode arrangements and liquid crystal device including the same. US Patent. US 6977705."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.36.002098"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1889\/1.2785545"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","volume-title":"Krill-eye: Superposition compound eye for wide-angle imaging via grin lenses. IPSJ Transactions on Computer Vision and Applications, 186--199.","author":"Hiura S.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hiura , S. , Mohan , A. , and Raskar , R . 2010 . Krill-eye: Superposition compound eye for wide-angle imaging via grin lenses. IPSJ Transactions on Computer Vision and Applications, 186--199. Hiura, S., Mohan, A., and Raskar, R. 2010. Krill-eye: Superposition compound eye for wide-angle imaging via grin lenses. IPSJ Transactions on Computer Vision and Applications, 186--199."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","volume-title":"IEEE International Workshop on Projector-Camera Systems (PROCAMS).","author":"Jurik J.","unstructured":"Jurik , J. , Jones , A. , Bolas , M. , and Debevec , P . 2011. Prototyping a light field display involving direct observation of a video projector array . In IEEE International Workshop on Projector-Camera Systems (PROCAMS). Jurik, J., Jones, A., Bolas, M., and Debevec, P. 2011. Prototyping a light field display involving direct observation of a video projector array. In IEEE International Workshop on Projector-Camera Systems (PROCAMS)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","volume-title":"Proc. SPIE","volume":"8720","author":"Kress B.","unstructured":"Kress , B. , and Starner , T . 2013. A review of head-mounted displays (HMD) technologies and applications for consumer electronics . In Proc. SPIE , vol. 8720 . Kress, B., and Starner, T. 2013. A review of head-mounted displays (HMD) technologies and applications for consumer electronics. In Proc. SPIE, vol. 8720."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2508363.2508366"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levola T. 2006. Diffractive optics for virtual displays. In Journal of the Society for Information Display.  Levola T. 2006. Diffractive optics for virtual displays. In Journal of the Society for Information Display .","DOI":"10.1889\/1.2206112"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","volume-title":"Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR), 2013 IEEE International Symposium on, 29--38","author":"Maimone A.","unstructured":"Maimone , A. , and Fuchs , H . 2013. Computational augmented reality eyeglasses . In Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR), 2013 IEEE International Symposium on, 29--38 . Maimone, A., and Fuchs, H. 2013. Computational augmented reality eyeglasses. In Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR), 2013 IEEE International Symposium on, 29--38."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1576246.1531404"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1833349.1778814"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1964921.1964942"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2780150"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2168556.2168585"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2011.2176689"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Graphics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2601097.2601141","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2601097.2601141","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T07:19:10Z","timestamp":1750231150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2601097.2601141"}},"subtitle":["wide field of view augmented reality eyeglasses using defocused point light sources"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,27]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,27]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2601097.2601141"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2601097.2601141","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-0301","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-07-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}