{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T16:30:31Z","timestamp":1774888231290,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,1]],"date-time":"2014-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1401580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Comput. Educ."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            For many years computing in New Zealand schools was focused on teaching students how to\n            <jats:italic>use<\/jats:italic>\n            computers, and there was little opportunity for students to learn about programming and computer science as formal subjects. In this article we review a series of initiatives that occurred from 2007 to 2009 that led to programming and computer science being made available formally as part of the National Certificate in Educational Achievement (NCEA), the main school-leaving assessment, in 2011. The changes were phased in from 2011 to 2013, and we review this process using the Darmstadt model, including describing the context of the school system, the socio-cultural factors in play before, during and after the changes, the nature of the new standards, the reactions and roles of the various stakeholders, and the teaching materials and methods that developed. The changes occurred very quickly, and we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of having such a rapid process. In all these changes, teachers have emerged as having a central role, as they have been key in instigating and implementing change.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2602485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,8]],"date-time":"2014-07-08T12:20:08Z","timestamp":1404822008000},"page":"1-31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["A Case Study of the Introduction of Computer Science in NZ Schools"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tim","family":"Bell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Canterbury"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Andreae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victoria University of Wellington"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Robins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Otago"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2157136.2157230"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th Conference on Australasian Computing Education (ACE\u201910)","volume":"32","author":"Bell Tim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tim Bell , Peter Andreae , and Lynn Lambert . 2010 . Computer science in New Zealand high schools . In Proceedings of the 12th Conference on Australasian Computing Education (ACE\u201910) . Tony Clear and John Hamer Eds. , vol. 32 , Australian Computer Society, Inc., Brisbane, Australia, 15--22. Tim Bell, Peter Andreae, and Lynn Lambert. 2010. Computer science in New Zealand high schools. In Proceedings of the 12th Conference on Australasian Computing Education (ACE\u201910). Tony Clear and John Hamer Eds., vol. 32, Australian Computer Society, Inc., Brisbane, Australia, 15--22."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2157136.2157240"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th New Zealand Computer Conference.","author":"Bell Tim","year":"1995","unstructured":"Tim Bell , Gwenda Bensemann , and Ian H Witten . 1995 . Computer science unplugged: Capturing the interest of the uninterested . In Proceedings of the 14th New Zealand Computer Conference. Tim Bell, Gwenda Bensemann, and Ian H Witten. 1995. Computer science unplugged: Capturing the interest of the uninterested. In Proceedings of the 14th New Zealand Computer Conference."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1953163.1953317"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2481449.2481454"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"The Multivariate Algorithmic Revolution and Beyond: Essays Dedicated to Michael R. Fellows on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday, Hans L","author":"Bell Tim","unstructured":"Tim Bell , Frances Rosamond , and Nancy Casey . 2012b. Computer science unplugged and related projects in math and computer science popularization . In The Multivariate Algorithmic Revolution and Beyond: Essays Dedicated to Michael R. Fellows on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday, Hans L . Bodlaender, Rod Downey, Fedor V. Fomin, and Daniel Marx Eds., Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 7370 , Springer , 398--456. DOI: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/citation.cfm?id=22344236. Tim Bell, Frances Rosamond, and Nancy Casey. 2012b. Computer science unplugged and related projects in math and computer science popularization. In The Multivariate Algorithmic Revolution and Beyond: Essays Dedicated to Michael R. Fellows on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday, Hans L. Bodlaender, Rod Downey, Fedor V. Fomin, and Daniel Marx Eds., Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 7370, Springer, 398--456. DOI: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/citation.cfm?id=22344236."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1227310.1227320"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2445196.2445323"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"The Use of Computers in New Zealand schools: A critical review","volume":"10","author":"Brown M. E.","year":"1998","unstructured":"M. E. Brown . 1998 . The Use of Computers in New Zealand schools: A critical review . Computers in New Zealand Schools 10 , 3, 3 -- 9 . M. E. Brown. 1998. The Use of Computers in New Zealand schools: A critical review. Computers in New Zealand Schools 10, 3, 3--9.","journal-title":"Computers in New Zealand Schools"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Lillian Cassel Alan Clements Gordon Davies Mark Guzdial Ren\u00e9e McCauley Andrew McGettrick Bob Sloan Larry Snyder Paul Tymann and B. Weide. 2008. Computer science curriculum 2008: An interim revision of CS 2001. Report from the interim review task force.   Lillian Cassel Alan Clements Gordon Davies Mark Guzdial Ren\u00e9e McCauley Andrew McGettrick Bob Sloan Larry Snyder Paul Tymann and B. Weide. 2008. Computer science curriculum 2008: An interim revision of CS 2001. Report from the interim review task force."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Technology FITNZ : An ICT curriculum meta-framework for New Zealand high schools","volume":"3","author":"Clear Tony","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tony Clear and Graham Bidois . 2005 . Technology FITNZ : An ICT curriculum meta-framework for New Zealand high schools . Bull. Appl. Computing Inf. Tech. 3 , 3 . http:\/\/www.naccq.ac.nz\/bacit\/0303\/2005Clear_FITNZ.htm. Tony Clear and Graham Bidois. 2005. Technology FITNZ : An ICT curriculum meta-framework for New Zealand high schools. Bull. Appl. Computing Inf. Tech. 3, 3. http:\/\/www.naccq.ac.nz\/bacit\/0303\/2005Clear_FITNZ.htm.","journal-title":"Bull. Appl. Computing Inf. Tech."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Towards a new technological literacy: Curriculum development with a difference","volume":"3","author":"Compton Vicki","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vicki Compton and Bev France . 2007 . Towards a new technological literacy: Curriculum development with a difference . Curriculum Matters 3 , 1 . Vicki Compton and Bev France. 2007. Towards a new technological literacy: Curriculum development with a difference. Curriculum Matters 3, 1.","journal-title":"Curriculum Matters"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:ITDE.0000039567.67842.c3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008808327436"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1096000.1096018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Steve Furber (Ed.). 2012. Shut down or restart? The way forward for computing in UK schools. Royal Society London. http:\/\/royalsociety.org\/education\/policy\/computing-in-schools\/report\/.  Steve Furber (Ed.). 2012. Shut down or restart? The way forward for computing in UK schools. Royal Society London. http:\/\/royalsociety.org\/education\/policy\/computing-in-schools\/report\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1539024.1508965"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th Australasian Conference on Computing Education. Australian Computer Society, Inc., 173--180","author":"Garner Sandy","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sandy Garner , Patricia Haden , and Anthony Robins . 2005 . My program is correct but it doesn\u2019t run: A preliminary investigation of novice programmers\u2019 problems . In Proceedings of the 7th Australasian Conference on Computing Education. Australian Computer Society, Inc., 173--180 . Sandy Garner, Patricia Haden, and Anthony Robins. 2005. My program is correct but it doesn\u2019t run: A preliminary investigation of novice programmers\u2019 problems. In Proceedings of the 7th Australasian Conference on Computing Education. Australian Computer Society, Inc., 173--180."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1993069.1993076"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2078856.2078859"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03024811"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1999747.1999796"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference of Computing and Information Technology Research and Education NZ (CITRENZ\u201910)","author":"Murugesh Sumant","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sumant Murugesh , Tim Bell , and Ann McGrath . 2010 . A review of computer science resources to support NCEA . In Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference of Computing and Information Technology Research and Education NZ (CITRENZ\u201910) . Samuel Mann and Michael Veerhaart Eds., 173--181. Sumant Murugesh, Tim Bell, and Ann McGrath. 2010. A review of computer science resources to support NCEA. In Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference of Computing and Information Technology Research and Education NZ (CITRENZ\u201910). Samuel Mann and Michael Veerhaart Eds., 173--181."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2157136.2157283"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/52965.53012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1734263.1734402"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08993401003612167"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/csed.13.2.137.14200"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1041624.1041669"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2445196.2445206"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"Philip Sallis D. Ferguson A. Frampton V. Ham A. Milne T. McMahon L. Parker N. Parker and V. Ramsay. 1990. Report of the Consultative Committee on Information Technology in the school curriculum.  Philip Sallis D. Ferguson A. Frampton V. Ham A. Milne T. McMahon L. Parker N. Parker and V. Ramsay. 1990. Report of the Consultative Committee on Information Technology in the school curriculum."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","first-page":"123","article-title":"ICT and the New Zealand secondary school curriculum","volume":"12","author":"Savidan Val","year":"2003","unstructured":"Val Savidan . 2003 . ICT and the New Zealand secondary school curriculum . ACE Papers 12 , 123 -- 144 . Val Savidan. 2003. ICT and the New Zealand secondary school curriculum. ACE Papers 12, 123--144.","journal-title":"ACE Papers"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2532748.2532759"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2445196.2445272"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-11376-5_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Student attitudes and perceptions regarding computing and its related disciplines","volume":"7","author":"Woratschek Charles R.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Charles R. Woratschek and Terri L. Lenox . 2009 . Student attitudes and perceptions regarding computing and its related disciplines . Inf. Syst. Educ. J. 7 , 58, 3 -- 22 . Charles R. Woratschek and Terri L. Lenox. 2009. Student attitudes and perceptions regarding computing and its related disciplines. Inf. Syst. Educ. J. 7, 58, 3--22.","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Educ. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","volume-title":"Yong Kim, Seung Eun Cha, Jong Hye Kim, Hye Sun Jang, Sook Kyong Choi, Hwan Cheol Lee, Dai Young Kwon, Hee Seop Han, Eun Mi Shin, Jae Shin Song, Jong Eun Park, and Won Gyu Lee.","author":"Yoo Seung Wook","year":"2006","unstructured":"Seung Wook Yoo , Yong Chul Yeum , Yong Kim, Seung Eun Cha, Jong Hye Kim, Hye Sun Jang, Sook Kyong Choi, Hwan Cheol Lee, Dai Young Kwon, Hee Seop Han, Eun Mi Shin, Jae Shin Song, Jong Eun Park, and Won Gyu Lee. 2006 . Development of an integrated informatics curriculum for K-12 in Korea. In Informatics Education: The Bridge between Using and Understanding Computers, Roland Mittermeir Ed., Lecture Notes in Computer Science , vol. 4226 . Springer , 199--208. DOI:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/11915355-19. 10.1007\/11915355-19 Seung Wook Yoo, Yong Chul Yeum, Yong Kim, Seung Eun Cha, Jong Hye Kim, Hye Sun Jang, Sook Kyong Choi, Hwan Cheol Lee, Dai Young Kwon, Hee Seop Han, Eun Mi Shin, Jae Shin Song, Jong Eun Park, and Won Gyu Lee. 2006. Development of an integrated informatics curriculum for K-12 in Korea. In Informatics Education: The Bridge between Using and Understanding Computers, Roland Mittermeir Ed., Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 4226. Springer, 199--208. DOI:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/11915355-19."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Computing Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2602485","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2602485","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T07:01:16Z","timestamp":1750230076000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2602485"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2602485"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2602485","relation":{},"ISSN":["1946-6226"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1946-6226","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-03-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-04-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-06-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}