{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T16:39:06Z","timestamp":1777653546653,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]],"date-time":"2014-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1404172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline of Information and Communication Engineering #XKXL1313"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Appl. Percept."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Computer-generated (CG) face images are common in video games, advertisements, and other media. CG faces vary in their degree of realism, a factor that impacts viewer reactions. Therefore, efficient control of visual realism of face images is important. Efficient control is enabled by a deep understanding of visual realism perception: the extent to which viewers judge an image as a real photograph rather than a CG image. Across two experiments, we explored the processes involved in visual realism perception of face images. In Experiment 1, participants made visual realism judgments on original face images, inverted face images, and images of faces that had the top and bottom halves misaligned. In Experiment 2, participants made visual realism judgments on original face images, scrambled faces, and images that showed different parts of faces. Our findings indicate that both holistic and piecemeal processing are involved in visual realism perception of faces, with holistic processing becoming more dominant when resolution is lower. Our results also suggest that shading information is more important than color for holistic processing, and that inversion makes visual realism judgments harder for realistic images but not for unrealistic images. Furthermore, we found that eyes are the most influential face part for visual realism, and face context is critical for evaluating realism of face parts. To the best of our knowledge, this work is a first realism-centric study attempting to bridge the human perception of visual realism on face images with general face perception tasks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2620030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T20:13:24Z","timestamp":1406924004000},"page":"1-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Human Perception of Visual Realism for Photo and Computer-Generated Face Images"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Shaojing","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo University, Ningbo, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rangding","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo University, Ningbo, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tian-Tsong","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheston Y.-C.","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan S.","family":"Herberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of High Performance Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bryan L.","family":"Koenig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lindenwood University, MO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/PBR.17.5.743"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","volume-title":"Design of Comparative Experiments","author":"Bailey Rosemary A."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01964.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/311535.311556"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p220829"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vicki Bruce and Andy Young. 2012. Face Perception. Psychology Press. Vicki Bruce and Andy Young. 2012. Face Perception. Psychology Press.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203721254"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2006.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00283"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470919.2013.797020"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p2949"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00029"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1632592.1632603"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2006.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2407746.2407763"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(95)00198-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","volume-title":"Tanaka","author":"Farah Martha J.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diin.2011.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00563"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","volume-title":"Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development","author":"Galton Francis"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023091"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2012.03137.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(96)00286-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0812396106"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhq112"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Faces are \u201cspatial","volume":"32","author":"Goffaux Val\u00e9rie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00604"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/90565"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611427407"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2010.03.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision. 2335--2342","author":"Grosse Roger"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01519-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01482-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2007.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024247"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","volume-title":"Aberrant first fixations when looking at inverted faces in various poses: The result of the centre-of-gravity effect&quest","author":"Hills Peter J."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195010"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2007.19.11.1815"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0982"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.07.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/77664"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2006.1934"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"The PUT face database","volume":"13","author":"Kasinski Andrzej","year":"2008","journal-title":"Image Processing and Communications"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13506281003619986"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p7534"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2077451.2077469"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2004.00753.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/713755889"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2005.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","volume-title":"Mast","author":"Lobmaier Janek S.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2008.12.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/is.7.3.03mac"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(02)01903-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1997.9.5.605"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2185520.2185587"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2010.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00033"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_57_1","volume-title":"Duchaine","author":"McKone Elinor","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1080402.1080425"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_59_1","volume-title":"Brigham","author":"Meissner Christian A.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/7529.7920"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01752.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_62_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"The uncanny valley","volume":"7","author":"Mori Masahiro","year":"1970","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1997.9.5.555"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.239"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_66_1","volume-title":"Digital Image Forensics","author":"Ng Tian-Tsong"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.17.3.256"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_68_1","volume-title":"Multimedia Communication Technology: Representation, Transmission and Identification of Multimedia Signals","author":"Ohm Jens-Rainer"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/13.9.99"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1017\/S1930297500002205","article-title":"Running experiments on Amazon Mechanical Turk","volume":"5","author":"Paolacci Gabriele","year":"2010","journal-title":"Judgment and Decision Making"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_71_1","first-page":"559","article-title":"A review and clarification of the terms \u201cholistic","volume":"3","author":"Piepers Daniel","year":"2012","journal-title":"the face perception literature. Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/647653.732279"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1276377.1276472"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193876"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00553"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/14819"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13506285.2013.772929"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00446"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2012.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p7359"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p5027"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_82_1","volume-title":"Development of Face Processing","author":"Schwaninger Adrian"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-6709.2009.01059.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(03)00171-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2011.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1984.tb01895.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2006.884093"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00406"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14640749308401045"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1988.tb02747.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_92_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Face inversion impairs holistic perception: Evidence from gaze-contingent stimulation","volume":"10","author":"Belle Goedele Van","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2461912.2461971"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1278760.1278764"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611420575"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00414"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_97_1","volume-title":"Elementary Signal Detection Theory","author":"Wickens Thomas D."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/12.13.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027822"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi006"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2185520.2185580"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0027474"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p160747"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Applied Perception"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2620030","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2620030","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T18:56:15Z","timestamp":1750272975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2620030"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2620030"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2620030","relation":{},"ISSN":["1544-3558","1544-3965"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1544-3558","type":"print"},{"value":"1544-3965","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-07-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-04-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-07-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}