{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T20:01:24Z","timestamp":1778270484282,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,1]],"date-time":"2014-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1401580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001868","name":"National Science Council Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSC 100-2218-E-009-009-MY3, NSC 100-2218-E-009-010-MY3, NSC 100-2219-E-009-011, and NSC 100-2220-E-009-035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSC 100-2218-E-009-009-MY3, NSC 100-2218-E-009-010-MY3, NSC 100-2219-E-009-011, and NSC 100-2220-E-009-035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001868","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Archit. Code Optim."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Machines designed with new but incompatible Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) may lack proper applications. Binary translation can address this incompatibility by migrating applications from one legacy ISA to a new one, although binary translation has problems such as code discovery for variable-length ISA and code location issues for handling indirect branches. Dynamic Binary Translation (DBT) has been widely adopted for migrating applications since it avoids those problems. Static Binary Translation (SBT) is a less general solution and has not been actively researched. However, SBT performs more aggressive optimizations, which could yield more compact code and better code quality. Applications translated by SBT can consume less memory, processor cycles, and power than DBT and can be started more quickly. These advantages are even more critical for embedded systems than for general systems.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>In this article, we designed and implemented a new SBT tool, called LLBT, which translates ARM instructions into LLVM IRs and then retargets the LLVM IRs to various ISAs, including \u00d786, \u00d786--64, ARM, and MIPS. LLBT leverages two important functionalities from LLVM: comprehensive optimizations and retargetability. More importantly, LLBT solves the code discovery problem for ARM\/Thumb binaries without resorting to interpretation. LLBT also effectively reduced the size of the address mapping table, making SBT a viable solution for embedded systems. Our experiments based on the EEMBC benchmark suite show that the LLBT-generated code can run more than 6\u00d7 and 2.3\u00d7 faster on average than emulation with QEMU and HQEMU, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2629335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]],"date-time":"2014-07-01T14:23:02Z","timestamp":1404224582000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["A Retargetable Static Binary Translator for the ARM Architecture"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Bor-Yeh","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C."}]},{"given":"Wei-Chung","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C."}]},{"given":"Wuu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C."}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/2.825694"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/143365.143520"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"ARM Limited 2012. Run-time ABI for the ARM Architecture. ARM Limited.  ARM Limited 2012. Run-time ABI for the ARM Architecture. ARM Limited."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1289881.1289898"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1450095.1450114"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1168857.1168906"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1855741.1855754"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/956417.956550"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1247360.1247401"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/776261.776290"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1274858.1274861"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd Asia-Pacific Programming Languages and Compilers Workshop (APPLC\u201913)","author":"Chen Jiunn-Yeu","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2555729.2555748"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Optimizations for DSP and Embedded Systems (ODES\u201908)","author":"Chen Jiunn-Yeu","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/40.671403"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/520033.858247"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/2.825697"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Walkabout: A Retargetable Dynamic Binary Translation Framework. Technical Report.","author":"Cifuentes Cristina","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cristina Cifuentes and Vishv M. Malhotra. 1996. Binary translation: Static dynamic retargetable&excl; In Proceedings of the 1996 International Conference on Software Maintenance (ICSM\u201996). IEEE Computer Society Washington DC 340--349.   Cristina Cifuentes and Vishv M. Malhotra. 1996. Binary translation: Static dynamic retargetable&excl; In Proceedings of the 1996 International Conference on Software Maintenance (ICSM\u201996). IEEE Computer Society Washington DC 340--349.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSM.1996.565037"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"Cristina Cifuentes Mike Van Emmerik Norman Ramsey and Brian Lewis. 2002b. Experience in the Design Implementation and Use of a Retargetable Static Binary Translation Framework. Technical Report. Mountain View CA.   Cristina Cifuentes Mike Van Emmerik Norman Ramsey and Brian Lewis. 2002b. Experience in the Design Implementation and Use of a Retargetable Static Binary Translation Framework. Technical Report. Mountain View CA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1210268.1210273"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/384286.264126"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/2.825696"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1762146.1762156"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2355585.2355595"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2259016.2259030"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1880043.1880045"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2001 International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing Techniques and Applications. Computer Science Research, Education, and Applications Press","author":"Kurzyniec Dawid","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/977395.977673"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Control Automation and Systems (ICCAS\u201910)","author":"Lee Sangchul","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1065010.1065034"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1542452.1542472"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"Steven S. Muchnick. 1998. Advanced Compiler Design and Implementation. Morgan Kaufmann.   Steven S. Muchnick. 1998. Advanced Compiler Design and Implementation. Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Code Generation and Optimization (CGO\u201903)","author":"Scott K."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","unstructured":"David Seal. 2000. ARM Architecture Reference Manual. Addison-Wesley Longman.   David Seal. 2000. ARM Architecture Reference Manual. Addison-Wesley Longman."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SIES.2012.6356589"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/151220.151227"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Virtual Machines: Versatile Platforms for Systems and Processes. Morgan Kaufmann.","author":"Smith Jim","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/351397.351414"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2038698.2038704"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACSAC.2008.37"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/2.825695"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2629335","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2629335","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T07:19:30Z","timestamp":1750231170000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2629335"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2629335"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2629335","relation":{},"ISSN":["1544-3566","1544-3973"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1544-3566","type":"print"},{"value":"1544-3973","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-10-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-01-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-06-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}