{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T10:18:28Z","timestamp":1760955508727,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,7]],"date-time":"2014-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Auton. Adapt. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Automated negotiation among self-interested autonomous agents has gained tremendous attention due to the diversity of its broad range of potential real-world applications. This article deals with a prominent type of such negotiations, namely, multiissue negotiation that runs under continuous-time constraints and in which the negotiating agents have no prior knowledge about their opponents\u2019 preferences and strategies. A negotiation strategy called\n            <jats:italic>Dragon<\/jats:italic>\n            is described that employs sparse pseudoinput Gaussian processes. Specifically,\n            <jats:italic>Dragon<\/jats:italic>\n            enables an agent (1) to precisely model the behavior of its opponents with comparably low computational load and (2) to make decisions effectively and adaptively in very complex negotiation settings. Extensive experimental results, based on a number of negotiation scenarios and state-of-the-art negotiating agents from Automated Negotiating Agents Competitions, are provided. Moreover, the robustness of our strategy is evaluated through both empirical game-theoretic and spatial evolutionary game-theoretic analysis.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2629577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,14]],"date-time":"2014-10-14T12:29:11Z","timestamp":1413289751000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["An Intelligent Agent for Bilateral Negotiation with Unknown Opponents in Continuous-Time Domains"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Siqi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht University, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht University, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2011.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2012.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1160633.1160697"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2006.12.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th International Joint Conference on Automomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems. ACM","author":"Chen Siqi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Siqi Chen , Haitham Bou Ammar , Karl Tuyls , and Gerhard Weiss . 2013 a. Optimizing complex automated negotiation using sparse pseudo-input Gaussian processes . In Proceedings of the 12th International Joint Conference on Automomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems. ACM , New York, NY, 707--714. Siqi Chen, Haitham Bou Ammar, Karl Tuyls, and Gerhard Weiss. 2013a. Optimizing complex automated negotiation using sparse pseudo-input Gaussian processes. In Proceedings of the 12th International Joint Conference on Automomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems. ACM, New York, NY, 707--714."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. AAAI","author":"Chen Siqi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Siqi Chen , Haitham Bou Ammar , Karl Tuyls , and Gerhard Weiss . 2013 b. Using conditional restricted Boltzmann machine for highly competitive negotiation tasks . In Proceedings of the 23rd International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. AAAI , Palo Alto, CA, 69--75. Siqi Chen, Haitham Bou Ammar, Karl Tuyls, and Gerhard Weiss. 2013b. Using conditional restricted Boltzmann machine for highly competitive negotiation tasks. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. AAAI, Palo Alto, CA, 69--75."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence. IOS","author":"Chen Siqi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Siqi Chen and Gerhard Weiss . 2012 . An efficient and adaptive approach to negotiation in complex environments . In Proceedings of the 20th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence. IOS , Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 228--233. Siqi Chen and Gerhard Weiss. 2012. An efficient and adaptive approach to negotiation in complex environments. In Proceedings of the 20th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence. IOS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 228--233."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2013.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1052220.1052229"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(98)00029-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-3702(02)00290-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WI-IAT.2012.72"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems. ACM","author":"Hindriks Koen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Koen Hindriks , Catholijn Jonker , Sarit Kraus , Raz Lin , and Dmytro Tykhonov . 2009 b. GENIUS: Negotiation environment for heterogeneous agents . In Proceedings of the 8th International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems. ACM , New York, NY, 1397--1398. Koen Hindriks, Catholijn Jonker, Sarit Kraus, Raz Lin, and Dmytro Tykhonov. 2009b. GENIUS: Negotiation environment for heterogeneous agents. In Proceedings of the 8th International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems. ACM, New York, NY, 1397--1398."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WI-IAT.2009.192"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1402383.1402433"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008746126376"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1329125.1329359"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","series-title":"Series B: Biological Sciences 263, 1374, 1135--1144","volume-title":"Spatial evolutionary game theory: Hawks and Doves revisited. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","author":"Killingback Timothy","unstructured":"Timothy Killingback and Michael Doebeli . 1996. Spatial evolutionary game theory: Hawks and Doves revisited. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London . Series B: Biological Sciences 263, 1374, 1135--1144 . Timothy Killingback and Michael Doebeli. 1996. Spatial evolutionary game theory: Hawks and Doves revisited. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 263, 1374, 1135--1144."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2007.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-009-9107-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2012.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11839354_21"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","first-page":"123","article-title":"Order statistics Bayesian-mining agent modelling for automated negotiation. Informatica","volume":"35","author":"Rahman Samir Abdel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Samir Abdel Rahman , Reem Bahgat , and George M. Farag . 2011 . Order statistics Bayesian-mining agent modelling for automated negotiation. Informatica : An International Journal of Computing and Informatics 35 , 1, 123 -- 137 . Samir Abdel Rahman, Reem Bahgat, and George M. Farag. 2011. Order statistics Bayesian-mining agent modelling for automated negotiation. Informatica: An International Journal of Computing and Informatics 35, 1, 123--137.","journal-title":"An International Journal of Computing and Informatics"},{"volume-title":"The Art and Science of Negotiation","author":"Raiffa Howard","key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"Howard Raiffa . 1982. The Art and Science of Negotiation . Harvard University Press , Cambridge, MA . Howard Raiffa. 1982. The Art and Science of Negotiation. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Williams","author":"Rasmussen Carl E.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Carl E. Rasmussen and Christopher K. I . Williams . 2006 . Gaussian Processes for Machine Learning. MIT Press , Cambridge, MA. Carl E. Rasmussen and Christopher K. I. Williams. 2006. Gaussian Processes for Machine Learning. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1912531"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1082473.1082534"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2013.07.006"},{"volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 18","author":"Snelson Edward","key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"Edward Snelson and Zoubin Ghahramani . 2006. Sparse Gaussian processes using pseudo-inputs . In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 18 . MIT Press , Cambridge, MA , 1257--1264. Edward Snelson and Zoubin Ghahramani. 2006. Sparse Gaussian processes using pseudo-inputs. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 18. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1257--1264."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2007.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2283396.2283467"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2951778"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. AAAI","author":"Zeng Dajun","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dajun Zeng and Katia Sycara . 1997 . Benefits of learning in negotiation . In Proceedings of the 14th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. AAAI , Palo Alto, CA, 36--41. Dajun Zeng and Katia Sycara. 1997. Benefits of learning in negotiation. In Proceedings of the 14th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. AAAI, Palo Alto, CA, 36--41."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2629577","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2629577","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T06:13:29Z","timestamp":1750227209000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2629577"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,7]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2629577"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2629577","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-4665","1556-4703"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1556-4665"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1556-4703"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-11-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-05-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-10-07","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}