{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T16:39:52Z","timestamp":1761323992480,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,25]],"date-time":"2015-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1427241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["61303003 and 41374113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61303003 and 41374113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"HiPEAC NoE"},{"name":"Maxeler University Program"},{"name":"National High-Tech R&D(863) Program of China","award":["2013AA01A208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013AA01A208"]}]},{"name":"UKEPSRC","award":["2013AA01A208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013AA01A208"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014121","name":"Xilinx","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014121","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011102","name":"European Union Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["257906, 287804, and 318521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["257906, 287804, and 318521"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Reconfigurable Technol. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the most essential and challenging components in climate modeling is the atmospheric model. To solve multiphysical atmospheric equations, developers have to face extremely complex stencil kernels that are costly in terms of both computing and memory resources. This article aims to accelerate the solution of global shallow water equations (SWEs), which is one of the most essential equation sets describing atmospheric dynamics. We first design a hybrid methodology that employs both the host CPU cores and the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) accelerators to work in parallel. Through a careful adjustment of the computational domains, we achieve a balanced resource utilization and a further improvement of the overall performance. By decomposing the resource-demanding SWE kernel, we manage to map the double-precision algorithm into three FPGAs. Moreover, by using fixed-point and reduced-precision floating point arithmetic, we manage to build a fully pipelined mixed-precision design on a single FPGA, which can perform 428 floating-point and 235 fixed-point operations per cycle. The mixed-precision design with four FPGAs running together can achieve a speedup of 20 over a fully optimized design on a CPU rack with two eight-core processorsand is 8 times faster than the fully optimized Kepler GPU design. As for power efficiency, the mixed-precision design with four FPGAs is 10 times more power efficient than a Tianhe-1A supercomputer node.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2629581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,25]],"date-time":"2015-03-25T16:03:43Z","timestamp":1427299423000},"page":"1-16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Solving the Global Atmospheric Equations through Heterogeneous Reconfigurable Platforms"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Lin","family":"Gan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Meng Minwei Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haohuan","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meng Minwei Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"Luk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meng Minwei Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaomeng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meng Minwei Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youhui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East Main Building, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangwen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meng Minwei Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Balay J. Brown K. Buschelman V. Eijkhout W. Gropp D. Kaushik M. Knepley L. Curfman McInnes B. Smith and H. Zhang. 2013. PETSc Users Manual Revision 3.4.  S. Balay J. Brown K. Buschelman V. Eijkhout W. Gropp D. Kaushik M. Knepley L. Curfman McInnes B. Smith and H. Zhang. 2013. PETSc Users Manual Revision 3.4.","DOI":"10.2172\/1178102"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusa.v1i2.8500"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2145694.2145705"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/382983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1950413.1950429"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2011.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MM.2013.111"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL). IEEE","author":"Gan L.","key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"L. Gan , H. Fu , W. Luk , C. Yang , W. Xue , X. Huang , Y. Zhang , and G. Yang . 2013. Accelerating solvers for global atmospheric equations through mixed-precision data flow engine . In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL). IEEE , Los Alamitos, CA, 1--6. L. Gan, H. Fu, W. Luk, C. Yang, W. Xue, X. Huang, Y. Zhang, and G. Yang. 2013. Accelerating solvers for global atmospheric equations through mixed-precision data flow engine. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL). IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 1--6."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/S003614450036757X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SAAHPC.2011.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-002-0296-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2006.873887"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of HOT CHIPS 22","author":"Lindtjorn O.","key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"O. Lindtjorn , R. G. Clapp , and M. J. Flynn . 2010. Surviving the end of scaling of traditional micro processors in HPC . In Proceedings of HOT CHIPS 22 . O. Lindtjorn, R. G. Clapp, and M. J. Flynn. 2010. Surviving the end of scaling of traditional micro processors in HPC. In Proceedings of HOT CHIPS 22."},{"volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2011","key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Maxeler. 2011 . Maxeler Products . Retrieved February 25, 2015, from http:\/\/www.maxeler.com\/products\/. Maxeler. 2011. Maxeler Products. Retrieved February 25, 2015, from http:\/\/www.maxeler.com\/products\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2012.2186119"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FCCM.2012.34"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SAAHPC.2012.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2012.78"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2011.04.166"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SC.2010.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"W. C. Skamarock J. B. Klemp J. Dudhia D. O. Gill D. M. Barker W. Wang and J. G. Powers. 2005. A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 2. Technical Report. DTIC Document.  W. C. Skamarock J. B. Klemp J. Dudhia D. O. Gill D. M. Barker W. Wang and J. G. Powers. 2005. A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 2. Technical Report. DTIC Document."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPDPS.2005.75"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2011.04.058"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FPL.2010.46"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9991(05)80016-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2442516.2442518"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2629581","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2629581","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T06:13:29Z","timestamp":1750227209000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2629581"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,25]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,17]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2629581"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2629581","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-7406","1936-7414"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1936-7406"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1936-7414"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-12-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-03-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-03-25","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}