{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T02:44:57Z","timestamp":1778121897924,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Des. Autom. Electron. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            FlexRay has now become a well-established in-vehicle communication bus at most original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) such as BMW, Audi, and GM. Given the increasing cost of verification and the high degree of crosslinking between components in automotive architectures, an incremental design process is commonly followed. In order to incorporate FlexRay-based designs in such a process, the resulting schedules must be\n            <jats:italic>extensible<\/jats:italic>\n            , that is: (i) when messages are added in later iterations, they must preserve deadline guarantees of already scheduled messages, and (ii) they must accommodate as many new messages as possible without changes to existing schedules. Apart from extensible scheduling having not received much attention so far, traditional metrics used for quantifying them cannot be trivially adapted to FlexRay schedules. This is because they do not exploit specific properties of the FlexRay protocol. In this article we, for the first time, introduce new notions of extensibility for FlexRay that capture all the protocol-specific properties. In particular, we focus on the dynamic segment of FlexRay and we present a number of metrics to quantify extensible schedules. Based on the introduced metrics, we propose strategies to synthesize extensible schedules and compare the results of different scheduling algorithms. We demonstrate the applicability of the results with industrial-size case studies and also show that the proposed metrics may also be visually represented, thereby allowing for easy interpretation.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2647954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,26]],"date-time":"2014-08-26T12:08:55Z","timestamp":1409054935000},"page":"1-37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Quantifying Notions of Extensibility in FlexRay Schedule Synthesis"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Reinhard","family":"Schneider","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TU Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dip","family":"Goswami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samarjit","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TU Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Unmesh","family":"Bordoloi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Linkoping University, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petru","family":"Eles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Linkoping University, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zebo","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Linkoping University, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1375657.1375666"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2008.2002704"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","unstructured":"Autosar. 2013. AUTomotive open system architecture. www.autosar.org.  Autosar. 2013. AUTomotive open system architecture. www.autosar.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","unstructured":"Autosarxcp. 2013. AUTOSAR. Specification of module XCP. www.autosar.org.  Autosarxcp. 2013. AUTOSAR. Specification of module XCP. www.autosar.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ECRTS.2009.25"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RTSS.2006.47"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01294260"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems (SIES'12)","author":"Bordoloi U. D.","unstructured":"U. D. Bordoloi , B. Tanasa , P. Eles , and Z. Peng . 2012. On the timing analysis of the dynamic segment of flexray . In Proceedings of the 7th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems (SIES'12) . 94--101. U. D. Bordoloi, B. Tanasa, P. Eles, and Z. Peng. 2012. On the timing analysis of the dynamic segment of flexray. In Proceedings of the 7th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems (SIES'12). 94--101."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5626\/JCSE.2008.2.1.074"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","unstructured":"FlexRay. 2013. The FlexRay communications system specifications. www.flexray.com.  FlexRay. 2013. The FlexRay communications system specifications. www.flexray.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","unstructured":"E. Fuchs. 2010. FlexRay-Beyond the consortium phase. http:\/\/www.simtools.at\/doc\/flexray_consortium.pdf.  E. Fuchs. 2010. FlexRay-Beyond the consortium phase. http:\/\/www.simtools.at\/doc\/flexray_consortium.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Design, Automation, and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE'10)","author":"Ghosal A.","unstructured":"A. Ghosal , H. Zeng , M. D. Natale , and Y. Ben-Haim . 2010. Computing robustness of FlexRay schedules to uncertainties in design parameters . In Proceedings of the Design, Automation, and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE'10) . 550--555. A. Ghosal, H. Zeng, M. D. Natale, and Y. Ben-Haim. 2010. Computing robustness of FlexRay schedules to uncertainties in design parameters. In Proceedings of the Design, Automation, and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE'10). 550--555."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th European Congress on Embedded Real Time Software (ERTS'08)","author":"Grenier M.","unstructured":"M. Grenier , L. Havet , and N. Navet . 2008. Pushing the limits of CAN - Scheduling frames with offsets provides a major performance boost . In Proceedings of the 4th European Congress on Embedded Real Time Software (ERTS'08) . M. Grenier, L. Havet, and N. Navet. 2008. Pushing the limits of CAN - Scheduling frames with offsets provides a major performance boost. In Proceedings of the 4th European Congress on Embedded Real Time Software (ERTS'08)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1278480.1278554"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Communication Technologies for vehicles (Nets4Cars\/Nets4Trains'11)","author":"Lim H.-T.","unstructured":"H.-T. Lim , K. Weckemann , and D. Herrscher . 2011. Performance study of an in-car switched Ethernet network without prioritization . In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Communication Technologies for vehicles (Nets4Cars\/Nets4Trains'11) . 165--175. H.-T. Lim, K. Weckemann, and D. Herrscher. 2011. Performance study of an in-car switched Ethernet network without prioritization. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Communication Technologies for vehicles (Nets4Cars\/Nets4Trains'11). 165--175."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1629435.1629485"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems (SIES'12)","author":"Neukirchner M.","unstructured":"M. Neukirchner , M. Negrean , R. Ernst , and T. Bone . 2012. Response-time analysis of the FlexRay dynamic segment under consideration of slot-multiplexing . In Proceedings of the 7th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems (SIES'12) . 21--30. M. Neukirchner, M. Negrean, R. Ernst, and T. Bone. 2012. Response-time analysis of the FlexRay dynamic segment under consideration of slot-multiplexing. In Proceedings of the 7th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems (SIES'12). 21--30."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RTCSA.2010.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2004.831467"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ECRTS.2006.31"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","volume-title":"Funktionsweise, Anwendung","author":"Rausch M.","unstructured":"M. Rausch . 2008. FlexRay : Grundlagen , Funktionsweise, Anwendung . Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH and CO. KG. M. Rausch. 2008. FlexRay: Grundlagen, Funktionsweise, Anwendung. Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH and CO. KG."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2009.2024982"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2007.344"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","unstructured":"A. Schedl. 2007. 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Time-triggered vs. event-triggered: A matter of configuration&quest; In Proceedings of the GI\/ITG Workshop on Non-Functional Properties of Embedded Systems."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2009.2013286"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2008.2008653"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 72nd IEEE Vehicular Technology Fall Conference (VTC'10)","author":"Schmidt K.","unstructured":"K. Schmidt and E. G. Schmidt . 2010. Schedulability analysis and message schedule computation for the dynamic segment of FlexRay . In Proceedings of the 72nd IEEE Vehicular Technology Fall Conference (VTC'10) . 1--5. K. Schmidt and E. G. Schmidt. 2010. Schedulability analysis and message schedule computation for the dynamic segment of FlexRay. 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