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Fortunately, other relevance evidence sources (i.e., classification tags and bibliographical data) provide additional details about the underlying information need. In this article, we propose a unified framework that integrates multiple relevance evidence components for query formulation. We first build a query model from the textual fields of a query patent. To overcome the term mismatch, we expand this initial query model with the term distribution of documents in the citation graph, modeling old and recent domain terminology. We build an IPC lexicon and perform query expansion using this lexicon incorporating proximity information. We performed an empirical evaluation on two patent datasets. Our results show that employing the temporal features of documents has a precision enhancing effect, while query expansion using IPC lexicon improves the recall of the final rank list.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2651363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,29]],"date-time":"2014-10-29T18:05:55Z","timestamp":1414605955000},"page":"1-30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Patent Query Formulation by Synthesizing Multiple Sources of Relevance Evidence"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Parvaz","family":"Mahdabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Crestani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2396761.2398672"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1645953.1646055"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1458572.1458582"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1458082.1458157"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12275-0_40"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7552(98)00110-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2362724.2362765"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21708"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of CLEF (Notebook Papers\/LABs\/Workshops).","author":"D'hondt E.","key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"E. D'hondt , S. Verberne , W. Alink , and R. Cornacchia . 2011. Combining document representations for prior-art retrieval . In Proceedings of CLEF (Notebook Papers\/LABs\/Workshops). E. D'hondt, S. Verberne, W. Alink, and R. Cornacchia. 2011. Combining document representations for prior-art retrieval. In Proceedings of CLEF (Notebook Papers\/LABs\/Workshops)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1277741.1277912"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th NTCIR Workshop on Research in Information Access Technologies Information Retrieval, Question Answering and Summarization.","author":"Fujii A.","key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"A. Fujii , M. Iwayama , and N. Kando . 2004. Overview of patent retrieval task at NTCIR-4 . In Proceedings of the 4th NTCIR Workshop on Research in Information Access Technologies Information Retrieval, Question Answering and Summarization. A. Fujii, M. Iwayama, and N. Kando. 2004. Overview of patent retrieval task at NTCIR-4. In Proceedings of the 4th NTCIR Workshop on Research in Information Access Technologies Information Retrieval, Question Answering and Summarization."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th NTCIR Workshop on Research in Information Access Technologies Information Retrieval, Question Answering and Summarization.","author":"Fujita S.","year":"2004","unstructured":"S. Fujita . 2004 . Revisiting the document length hypotheses- NTCIR-4 CLIR and patent experiments at Patolis . In Proceedings of the 4th NTCIR Workshop on Research in Information Access Technologies Information Retrieval, Question Answering and Summarization. S. Fujita. 2004. Revisiting the document length hypotheses- NTCIR-4 CLIR and patent experiments at Patolis. In Proceedings of the 4th NTCIR Workshop on Research in Information Access Technologies Information Retrieval, Question Answering and Summarization."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2063576.2063863"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2382438.2382445"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of CLEF (Notebook Papers\/LABs\/Workshops). 444--451","author":"Gobeill J.","key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"J. Gobeill , E. Pasche , D. Teodoro , and P. Ruch . 2009. Simple pre and post processing strategies for patent searching in CLEF intellectual property track 2009 . In Proceedings of CLEF (Notebook Papers\/LABs\/Workshops). 444--451 . J. Gobeill, E. Pasche, D. Teodoro, and P. Ruch. 2009. Simple pre and post processing strategies for patent searching in CLEF intellectual property track 2009. In Proceedings of CLEF (Notebook Papers\/LABs\/Workshops). 444--451."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Current Challenges in Patent Retrieval. The Information Retrieval Services","volume":"9","author":"Harris C. G.","unstructured":"C. G. Harris , R. Arens , and P. Srinivasan . 2011. Using classification code hierarchies for patent prior art searches . In Current Challenges in Patent Retrieval. The Information Retrieval Services , Vol. 9 , Springer, Berlin, 287--304. C. G. Harris, R. Arens, and P. Srinivasan. 2011. Using classification code hierarchies for patent prior art searches. In Current Challenges in Patent Retrieval. The Information Retrieval Services, Vol. 9, Springer, Berlin, 287--304."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1119303.1119306"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1840784.1840789"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/324133.324140"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. H. A.\n      Koster M.\n      Seutter and \n      J.\n      Beney\n  . \n  2003\n  . Multi-classification of patent applications with Winnow. In Proceedings of the 5th International Ershov Memorial Conference on Perspectives of System Informatics. Vol. \n  2890 Lecture Notes in Computer Science\n  . \n  Springer 546--555.  C. H. A. Koster M. Seutter and J. Beney. 2003. Multi-classification of patent applications with Winnow. In Proceedings of the 5th International Ershov Memorial Conference on Perspectives of System Informatics. Vol. 2890 Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 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In Proceedings of CLEF (Notebook Papers\/LABs\/Workshops). P. Lopez and L. Romary. 2010. Experiments with citation mining and key-term extraction for prior art search. In Proceedings of CLEF (Notebook Papers\/LABs\/Workshops)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2523336"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Lupu K. Mayer J. Tait and A. J. Trippe. 2011. Current Challenges in Patent Information Retrieval. Springer.   M. Lupu K. Mayer J. Tait and A. J. Trippe. 2011. Current Challenges in Patent Information Retrieval. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-19231-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1571941.1571994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1835449.1835546"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of CLEF (Notebook Papers\/LABs\/Workshops).","author":"Magdy W.","year":"2010","unstructured":"W. Magdy and G. J. F. Jones . 2010 a. Applying the KISS principle for the CLEF-IP 2010 prior art candidate patent search task . In Proceedings of CLEF (Notebook Papers\/LABs\/Workshops). W. Magdy and G. J. F. Jones. 2010a. Applying the KISS principle for the CLEF-IP 2010 prior art candidate patent search task. In Proceedings of CLEF (Notebook Papers\/LABs\/Workshops)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1835449.1835551"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2064975.2064982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the European Conference on Information Retrieval (ECIR). 725--728","author":"Magdy W.","year":"2010","unstructured":"W. Magdy , P. Lopez , and G. J. F. Jones . 2010 . Simple vs. sophisticated approaches for patent prior-art search . In Proceedings of the European Conference on Information Retrieval (ECIR). 725--728 . W. Magdy, P. Lopez, and G. J. F. Jones. 2010. Simple vs. sophisticated approaches for patent prior-art search. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Information Retrieval (ECIR). 725--728."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of CLEF (Notebook Papers\/LABs\/Workshops).","author":"Mahdabi P.","key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"P. Mahdabi , L. Andersson , A. Hanbury , and F. Crestani . 2011a. Report on the CLEF-IP 2011 experiments: Exploring patent summarization . In Proceedings of CLEF (Notebook Papers\/LABs\/Workshops). P. Mahdabi, L. Andersson, A. Hanbury, and F. Crestani. 2011a. Report on the CLEF-IP 2011 experiments: Exploring patent summarization. In Proceedings of CLEF (Notebook Papers\/LABs\/Workshops)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10791-013-9232-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2484028.2484056"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Information Retrieval Facility Conference (IRFC). 3--15","author":"Mahdabi P.","key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","unstructured":"P. Mahdabi , M. Keikha , S. Gerani , M. Landoni , and F. Crestani . 2011b. Building queries for prior-art search . In Proceedings of the Information Retrieval Facility Conference (IRFC). 3--15 . P. Mahdabi, M. Keikha, S. Gerani, M. Landoni, and F. Crestani. 2011b. Building queries for prior-art search. In Proceedings of the Information Retrieval Facility Conference (IRFC). 3--15."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1105696.1105702"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-36973-5_27"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of CLEF (Notebook Papers\/LABs\/Workshops).","author":"Piroi F.","year":"2010","unstructured":"F. Piroi . 2010 . CLEF-IP 2010: Retrieval experiments in the intellectual property domain . In Proceedings of CLEF (Notebook Papers\/LABs\/Workshops). F. Piroi. 2010. CLEF-IP 2010: Retrieval experiments in the intellectual property domain. 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In Proceedings of CLEF (Notebook Papers\/LABs\/Workshops)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1321440.1321528"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-28997-2_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1031171.1031251"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th NTCIR Workshop Meeting on Evaluation of Information Access Technologies: Information Retrieval, Question Answering, and Cross-Lingual Information Access. 309--317","author":"Teodoro D.","key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","unstructured":"D. Teodoro , E. Pasche , D. Vishnyakova , C. Lovis , J. Gobeill , and P. Ruch . 2010. Automatic IPC encoding and novelty tracking for effective patent mining . In Proceedings of the 8th NTCIR Workshop Meeting on Evaluation of Information Access Technologies: Information Retrieval, Question Answering, and Cross-Lingual Information Access. 309--317 . D. Teodoro, E. Pasche, D. Vishnyakova, C. Lovis, J. Gobeill, and P. Ruch. 2010. Automatic IPC encoding and novelty tracking for effective patent mining. In Proceedings of the 8th NTCIR Workshop Meeting on Evaluation of Information Access Technologies: Information Retrieval, Question Answering, and Cross-Lingual Information Access. 309--317."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of CLEF (Notebook Papers\/LABs\/Workshops).","author":"Verma M.","key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","unstructured":"M. Verma and V. Varma . 2011. Exploring key-phrase extraction and IPC classification vectors for prior art search . In Proceedings of CLEF (Notebook Papers\/LABs\/Workshops). M. Verma and V. Varma. 2011. Exploring key-phrase extraction and IPC classification vectors for prior art search. In Proceedings of CLEF (Notebook Papers\/LABs\/Workshops)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1645953.1646295"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1571941.1572139"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12275-0_43"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/383952.384019"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Information Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2651363","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2651363","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T06:11:54Z","timestamp":1750227114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2651363"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,28]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,28]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2651363"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2651363","relation":{},"ISSN":["1046-8188","1558-2868"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1046-8188"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1558-2868"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-10-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-07-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-10-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}