{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:15:19Z","timestamp":1750306519372,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,7]],"date-time":"2015-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007156","name":"Hong Kong Innovation and Technology Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Hong Kong Research Grant Council (RGC) General Research Fund"},{"name":"HKUST"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Multimedia Comput. Commun. Appl."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            In order to provide live streaming over the global Internet, a content provider often deploys an overlay network consisting of distributed proxies placed close to user pools. Streaming of multi-Mbps video over such an overlay is challenging because of bandwidth bottlenecks in paths. To effectively overcome these bottlenecks, we consider employing proxy\n            <jats:italic>helpers<\/jats:italic>\n            in the overlay to provide rich path diversity. The helpers do not have any attached users, and hence may forward partial video streams (or not at all) if necessary. In this way, the helpers serve as stepping stones to supply full streams to the servers. The issue is how to involve the helpers in the overlay to achieve low streaming delay meeting a certain high streaming bitrate requirement.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            To address the issue, we first formulate the problem which captures various delay and bandwidth components, and show that it is NP-hard. We then propose an efficient algorithm called\n            <jats:italic>Stepping-Stones<\/jats:italic>\n            (SS) which can be efficiently implemented in a controller. Given the encouraging simulation results, we develop a novel streaming testbed for SS and explore, through sets of Internet experiments, the effectiveness of helpers to achieve high bitrate (multi-Mbps) global live streaming. In our experiments, proxies are deployed with a reasonably wide global footprint. We collect more than a hundred hours of streaming traces with bitrate ranging from 500kbps to a few Mbps. Our experimental data validates that helpers indeed play an important role in achieving high bitrate in today's Internet. Global multi-Mbps streaming is possible due to their\n            <jats:italic>multihop<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>multipath<\/jats:italic>\n            advantages. Our experimental trials and data also provide valuable insights on the design of a global push-based streaming network. There are strong benefits of using proxy helpers to achieve high bitrate and low delay.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2652485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,12]],"date-time":"2015-01-12T20:02:10Z","timestamp":1421092930000},"page":"1-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond 1Mbps Global Overlay Live Streaming"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Dongni","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yisheng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.-H. Gary","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2011.07.015"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM'09)","author":"Alessandria E.","key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"E. Alessandria , M. Gallo , E. Leonardi , M. Mellia , and M. Meo . 2009. P2P-TV systems under adverse network conditions: A measurement study . In Proceedings of the Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM'09) . 100--108. E. Alessandria, M. Gallo, E. Leonardi, M. Mellia, and M. Meo. 2009. P2P-TV systems under adverse network conditions: A measurement study. 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