{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T10:04:57Z","timestamp":1775815497779,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,28]],"date-time":"2014-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper we focus on geolocating Internet routers, using a methodology for extracting and decoding geography-related strings from fully qualified domain names (hostnames). We first compiled an extensive dictionary associating geographic strings (e.g., airport codes) with geophysical locations. We then searched a large set of router hostnames for these strings, assuming each autonomous naming domain uses geographic hints consistently within that domain. We used topology and performance data continually collected by our global measurement infrastructure to discern whether a given hint appears to co-locate different hostnames in which it is found. Finally, we generalized geolocation hints into domain-specific rule sets. We generated a total of 1,711 rules covering 1,398 different domains and validated them using domain-specific ground truth we gathered for six domains. Unlike previous efforts which relied on labor-intensive domain-specific manual analysis, we automate our process for inferring the domain specific heuristics, substantially advancing the state-of-the-art of methods for geolocating Internet resources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2656877.2656879","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T20:13:24Z","timestamp":1406924004000},"page":"5-13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["DRoP"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Bradley","family":"Huffaker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Fomenkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"}]},{"given":"kc","family":"claffy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2011.10.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"2006","article-title":"\"iPlane: An Information Plane for Distributed Services","author":"Madhyastha H.","year":"2006","unstructured":"H. Madhyastha and T. Isdal and M. Piatek and C. Dixon and T. Anderson and A. Krishnamurthy and A. Venkataramani ., \"iPlane: An Information Plane for Distributed Services ,\" in OSDI 2006 , 2006 . H. Madhyastha and T. Isdal and M. Piatek and C. Dixon and T. Anderson and A. Krishnamurthy and A. Venkataramani., \"iPlane: An Information Plane for Distributed Services,\" in OSDI 2006, 2006.","journal-title":"OSDI"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-00975-4_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AINA.2010.139"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2381056.2381058"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"March","author":"Wang Y.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Y. Wang , D. Burgener , M. Flores , A. Kuzmanovic , and C. Huang , \" Towards street-level client-independent ip geolocation,\" in USENIX NSDI , March 2011 . Y. Wang, D. Burgener, M. Flores, A. Kuzmanovic, and C. Huang, \"Towards street-level client-independent ip geolocation,\" in USENIX NSDI, March 2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Mining the Web and the Internet for Accurate IP Address Geolocations,\" in IEEE INFOCOM","author":"Guo C.","year":"2009","unstructured":"C. Guo , Y. Liu , W. Shen , H. Wang , Q. Yu , and Y. Zhang , \" Mining the Web and the Internet for Accurate IP Address Geolocations,\" in IEEE INFOCOM , 2009 . C. Guo, Y. Liu, W. Shen, H. Wang, Q. Yu, and Y. Zhang, \"Mining the Web and the Internet for Accurate IP Address Geolocations,\" in IEEE INFOCOM, 2009."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Where in the World is netgeo.caida.org?,\" in INET'00: Annual Internet Society Conference","author":"Moore D.","year":"2000","unstructured":"D. Moore , R. Periakaruppan , J. Donohoe , and K. Claffy , \" Where in the World is netgeo.caida.org?,\" in INET'00: Annual Internet Society Conference , 2000 . D. Moore, R. Periakaruppan, J. Donohoe, and K. Claffy, \"Where in the World is netgeo.caida.org?,\" in INET'00: Annual Internet Society Conference, 2000."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1177080.1177090"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2009.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2491159.2491163"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/633025.633039"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"\"dataset:Internet Topology Data Kit (ITDK) \" July 2013. http:\/\/www.caida.org\/data\/active\/internet-topology-data-kit\/.  \"dataset:Internet Topology Data Kit (ITDK) \" July 2013. http:\/\/www.caida.org\/data\/active\/internet-topology-data-kit\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"\"dataset:Archipelago Measurement Infrastructure (ark) \" July 2013. http:\/\/www.caida.org\/projects\/ark\/.  \"dataset:Archipelago Measurement Infrastructure (ark) \" July 2013. http:\/\/www.caida.org\/projects\/ark\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"\"A Practical Guide to (Correctly) Troubleshooting with Traceroute \" August 2013. http:\/\/www.nanog.org\/meetings\/nanog45\/presentations\/Sunday\/RAS_traceroute_N45.pdf.  \"A Practical Guide to (Correctly) Troubleshooting with Traceroute \" August 2013. http:\/\/www.nanog.org\/meetings\/nanog45\/presentations\/Sunday\/RAS_traceroute_N45.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"\"dataset:Wikipedia's page on airport codes \" August 2013. http:\/\/wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Airport_code\/.  \"dataset:Wikipedia's page on airport codes \" August 2013. http:\/\/wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Airport_code\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"\"Common Language Location Identifier (CLLI) code \" http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CLLI_code.  \"Common Language Location Identifier (CLLI) code \" http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CLLI_code."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"\"dataset:UN\/LOCODE Code List \" August 2013. http:\/\/www.unece.org\/cefact\/locode\/service\/location.html.  \"dataset:UN\/LOCODE Code List \" August 2013. http:\/\/www.unece.org\/cefact\/locode\/service\/location.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"\"dataset:GeoNames \" August 2013. http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/.  \"dataset:GeoNames \" August 2013. http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"\"dataset:OpenFlights \" August 2013. http:\/\/openflights.org\/data.html.  \"dataset:OpenFlights \" August 2013. http:\/\/openflights.org\/data.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"\"dataset:Google Maps \" August 2013. http:\/\/maps.googleapis.com\/maps\/api\/geocode\/json?sensor=false&address=.  \"dataset:Google Maps \" August 2013. http:\/\/maps.googleapis.com\/maps\/api\/geocode\/json?sensor=false&address=."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"\"Ark IPv4 Routed \/24 Topology Dataset.\" http:\/\/www.caida.org\/data\/active\/ipv4_routed_24_topology_dataset.xml.  \"Ark IPv4 Routed \/24 Topology Dataset.\" http:\/\/www.caida.org\/data\/active\/ipv4_routed_24_topology_dataset.xml."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"\"iffinder Alias Resolution Tool \" 2012. http:\/\/www.caida.org\/tools\/measurement\/iffinder\/.  \"iffinder Alias Resolution Tool \" 2012. http:\/\/www.caida.org\/tools\/measurement\/iffinder\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2012.2198887"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Fomenkov and k. claffy, \"Internet Topology Data Comparison ,\" tech. rep","author":"Huffaker B.","year":"2012","unstructured":"B. Huffaker and M. Fomenkov and k. claffy, \"Internet Topology Data Comparison ,\" tech. rep ., Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis (CAIDA) , 2012 . B. Huffaker and M. Fomenkov and k. claffy, \"Internet Topology Data Comparison ,\" tech. rep., Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis (CAIDA), 2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"\"Mozilla's public suffic list.\" http:\/\/publicsuffix.org.  \"Mozilla's public suffic list.\" http:\/\/publicsuffix.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"A study of Internet round-trip delay,\" in Technical report","author":"Acharya A.","year":"1997","unstructured":"A. Acharya and J. Saltz , \" A study of Internet round-trip delay,\" in Technical report , University of Maryland , 1997 . A. Acharya and J. 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