{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T02:15:22Z","timestamp":1774059322776,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,19]],"date-time":"2014-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a novel method for combining developmental tree models with turbulent wind fields. The tree geometry is created from internal growth functions of the developmental model and its response to external stress is induced by a physically-plausible wind field that is simulated by Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). Our tree models are dynamically evolving complex systems that (1) react in real-time to high-frequent changes of the wind simulation; and (2) adapt to long-term wind stress. We extend this process by wind-related effects such as branch breaking as well as bud abrasion and drying. In our interactive system the user can adjust the parameters of the growth model, modify wind properties and resulting forces, and define the tree's long-term response to wind. By using graphics hardware, our implementation runs at interactive rates for moderately large scenes composed of up to 20 tree models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2661229.2661252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,18]],"date-time":"2014-11-18T14:21:03Z","timestamp":1416320463000},"page":"1-11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Windy trees"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"S\u00f6ren","family":"Pirk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Esri R&amp;D Center Zurich, Switzerland and University of Konstanz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Till","family":"Niese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Konstanz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Torsten","family":"H\u00e4drich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Konstanz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bedrich","family":"Benes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Deussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Konstanz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"A study on the animations of swaying and breaking trees based on a particle-based simulation","volume":"20","author":"Akagi Y.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Akagi , Y. , and Kitajima , K. 2006 . A study on the animations of swaying and breaking trees based on a particle-based simulation . Journal of WSCG 20 , 1, 21 -- 28 . Akagi, Y., and Kitajima, K. 2006. A study on the animations of swaying and breaking trees based on a particle-based simulation. Journal of WSCG 20, 1, 21--28.","journal-title":"Journal of WSCG"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.1984.276141"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","volume-title":"IEEE Proc. of the Computer Animation","author":"Benes B.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Benes , B. , and Mill\u00e1n , E . 2002. Virtual climbing plants competing for space . In IEEE Proc. of the Computer Animation 2002 , IEEE Computer Society, 33--42. Benes, B., and Mill\u00e1n, E. 2002. Virtual climbing plants competing for space. In IEEE Proc. of the Computer Animation 2002, IEEE Computer Society, 33--42."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1401132.1401247"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","volume-title":"Fluid Simulation for Computer Graphics. A K Peters","author":"Bridson R.","unstructured":"Bridson , R. 2008. Fluid Simulation for Computer Graphics. A K Peters , CRC Press . Bridson, R. 2008. Fluid Simulation for Computer Graphics. A K Peters, CRC Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/5.3.307"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","unstructured":"Chaney W. R. 2001. How wind affects trees. Indiana Woodland Stewart 10(1).  Chaney W. R. 2001. How wind affects trees. Indiana Woodland Stewart 10(1) ."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/674848"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","volume-title":"ACM SIGGRAPH\/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation, SCA'06","author":"Diener J.","unstructured":"Diener , J. , Reveret , L. , and Fiume , E . 2006. Hierarchical re-targetting of 2D motion fields to the animation of 3D plant models . In ACM SIGGRAPH\/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation, SCA'06 . Diener, J., Reveret, L., and Fiume, E. 2006. Hierarchical re-targetting of 2D motion fields to the animation of 3D plant models. In ACM SIGGRAPH\/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation, SCA'06."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diener J. Rodriguez M. Baboud L. and Reveret L. 2008. Wind projection basis for real-time animation of trees. Rapport de recherche RR-6674 INRIA.  Diener J. Rodriguez M. Baboud L. and Reveret L. 2008. Wind projection basis for real-time animation of trees. Rapport de recherche RR-6674 INRIA.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2009.01393.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.2093"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00468-002-0203-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/74334.74351"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1201775.882358"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2009.01391.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(71)90191-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2006.00981.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.93.10.1522"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/965145.801284"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","volume-title":"Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material","author":"Laboratory F. P.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Laboratory , F. P. 2013 . Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material . CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform . Laboratory, F. P. 2013. Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(68)90079-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/38.736469"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu G. and Liu M. 2003. Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics: A Meshfree Particle Method. World Scientific Pub Co.  Liu G. and Liu M. 2003. Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics: A Meshfree Particle Method . World Scientific Pub Co.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812564405"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2010324.1964948"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the Intl. Symp. on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling, SBIM '12","author":"Longay S.","unstructured":"Longay , S. , Runions , A. , Boudon , F. , and Prusinkiewicz , P . 2012. Treesketch: interactive procedural modeling of trees on a tablet . In Proc. of the Intl. Symp. on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling, SBIM '12 , 107--120. Longay, S., Runions, A., Boudon, F., and Prusinkiewicz, P. 2012. Treesketch: interactive procedural modeling of trees on a tablet. In Proc. of the Intl. Symp. on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling, SBIM '12, 107--120."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/112164"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00468-003-0295-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2010324.1964987"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/237170.237279"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/19.3.141"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1276377.1276487"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1281500.1281537"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1924559.1924586"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/15886.15892"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","volume-title":"Computer Graphics International, 2003. Proceedings, 52--59","author":"Ota S.","unstructured":"Ota , S. , Tamura , M. , Fujita , K. , Fujimoto , T. , Muraoka , K. , and Chiba , N . 2003. 1\/f beta; noise-based real-time animation of trees swaying in wind fields . In Computer Graphics International, 2003. Proceedings, 52--59 . Ota, S., Tamura, M., Fujita, K., Fujimoto, T., Muraoka, K., and Chiba, N. 2003. 1\/f beta; noise-based real-time animation of trees swaying in wind fields. In Computer Graphics International, 2003. Proceedings, 52--59."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1531326.1531364"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00123529"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2366145.2366188"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2185520.2185546"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/166117.166161"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Putz F. E. Parker G. G. and Archibald R. M. 1984. Mechanical abrasion and intercorwn spacing. vol. 112 24--28.  Putz F. E. Parker G. G. and Archibald R. M. 1984. Mechanical abrasion and intercorwn spacing. vol. 112 24--28.","DOI":"10.2307\/2425452"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1141911.1141929"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1015706.1015785"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/323663.323685"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2012.03232.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.0800226"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8659.1130119"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/800031.808571"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8659.00152"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2534329.2534357"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1289603.1289610"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_53_1","volume-title":"-H","author":"Yang M.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yang , M. , Huang , M.-C. , and Wu , E . -H . 2011 . Transactions on edutainment vi. Springer-Verlag , Z. Pan, A. D. Cheok, and W. M\u00fcller, Eds., 27--39. Yang, M., Huang, M.-C., and Wu, E.-H. 2011. Transactions on edutainment vi. Springer-Verlag, Z. Pan, A. D. Cheok, and W. M\u00fcller, Eds., 27--39."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ijmnta.2013.21A009"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2461912.2461961"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Graphics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2661229.2661252","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2661229.2661252","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T06:13:05Z","timestamp":1750227185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2661229.2661252"}},"subtitle":["computing stress response for developmental tree models"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,19]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,19]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2661229.2661252"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2661229.2661252","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-0301","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-11-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}