{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T17:58:54Z","timestamp":1783706334666,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,23]],"date-time":"2015-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1427068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Commun. ACM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Implantable devices, often dependent on software, save countless lives. But how secure are they?<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2667218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,24]],"date-time":"2015-03-24T12:26:59Z","timestamp":1427200019000},"page":"74-82","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":118,"title":["Security challenges for medical devices"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Johannes","family":"Sametinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerzy","family":"Rozenblit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Lysecky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Ott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2013.49"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"PACEMAKER System Specification","author":"Boston Scientific","year":"2007","unstructured":"Boston Scientific . PACEMAKER System Specification . 2007 . Boston Scientific. PACEMAKER System Specification. 2007."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Security","author":"Denning T.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Denning , T. , Fu , K. and Kohno , T . Absence makes the heart grow fonder: New directions for implantable medical device security . In Proceedings of USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Security , July 2008 . Denning, T., Fu, K. and Kohno, T. Absence makes the heart grow fonder: New directions for implantable medical device security. In Proceedings of USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Security, July 2008."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.4.FOCUS0985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753462"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. MAUDE---Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience; http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cdrh\/cfdocs\/cfMAUDE\/search.CFM  Food and Drug Administration. MAUDE---Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience; http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cdrh\/cfdocs\/cfMAUDE\/search.CFM"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. Is The Product A Medical Device? http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/MedicalDevices\/DeviceRegulationandGuidance\/Overview\/ClassifyYourDevice\/ucm051512.htm  Food and Drug Administration. Is The Product A Medical Device? http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/MedicalDevices\/DeviceRegulationandGuidance\/Overview\/ClassifyYourDevice\/ucm051512.htm"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. Medical Devices -- Classify Your Medical Device; http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/MedicalDevices\/DeviceRegulationandGuidance\/Overview\/ClassifyYourDevice\/default.htm  Food and Drug Administration. Medical Devices -- Classify Your Medical Device; http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/MedicalDevices\/DeviceRegulationandGuidance\/Overview\/ClassifyYourDevice\/default.htm"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Cybersecurity for Medical Devices and Hospital Networks","author":"Food and Drug Administration Safety Communication","year":"2013","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration Safety Communication : Cybersecurity for Medical Devices and Hospital Networks ; June 2013 . http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/MedicalDevices\/Safety\/AlertsandNotices\/ucm356423.htm Food and Drug Administration Safety Communication: Cybersecurity for Medical Devices and Hospital Networks; June 2013. http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/MedicalDevices\/Safety\/AlertsandNotices\/ucm356423.htm"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"June 14","author":"Food and Drug Administration","year":"2013","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration . Content of premarket submissions for management of cybersecurity in medical devices---Draft guidance for industry and Food and Drug administration staff , June 14 , 2013 ; http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medicalDevices\/Deviceregulationandguidance\/guidanceDocuments\/ucm356186.htm Food and Drug Administration. Content of premarket submissions for management of cybersecurity in medical devices---Draft guidance for industry and Food and Drug administration staff, June 14, 2013; http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medicalDevices\/Deviceregulationandguidance\/guidanceDocuments\/ucm356186.htm"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Freezes PCs.","author":"Fox News","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fox News . Antivirus Program Goes Berserk , Freezes PCs. Apr. 22, 2010 . Fox News. Antivirus Program Goes Berserk, Freezes PCs. Apr. 22, 2010."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2508701"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2018436.2018438"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2008.16"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2008.31"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1866914.1866917"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"The Security Development Lifecycle","author":"Howard M.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Howard , M. and Lipner , S . The Security Development Lifecycle . Microsoft Press , 2006 . Howard, M. and Lipner, S. The Security Development Lifecycle. Microsoft Press, 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Medical devices---Application of risk management to medical devices. ISO 14971","author":"International Standards Organization","year":"2007","unstructured":"International Standards Organization . Medical devices---Application of risk management to medical devices. ISO 14971 : 2007 . International Standards Organization. Medical devices---Application of risk management to medical devices. ISO 14971:2007."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RTCSA.2010.42"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"SC Magazine, (Aug. 04","author":"Kaplan D.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kaplan , D. Black Hat : Insulin pumps can be hacked . SC Magazine, (Aug. 04 , 2011 ). Kaplan, D. Black Hat: Insulin pumps can be hacked. SC Magazine, (Aug. 04, 2011)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st Usenix Workshop on Large-Scale Exploits and Emergent Threats. Fabian Monrose, ed. USENIX Association","author":"King S.T.","unstructured":"King , S.T. et al. Designing and implementing malicious hardware . In Proceedings of the 1st Usenix Workshop on Large-Scale Exploits and Emergent Threats. Fabian Monrose, ed. USENIX Association , Berkeley, CA. King, S.T. et al. Designing and implementing malicious hardware. In Proceedings of the 1st Usenix Workshop on Large-Scale Exploits and Emergent Threats. Fabian Monrose, ed. USENIX Association, Berkeley, CA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"New York Times, (Oct. 27","author":"Kolata G.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kolata , G. Of fact, fiction and Cheney's defibrillator . New York Times, (Oct. 27 , 2013 ). Kolata, G. Of fact, fiction and Cheney's defibrillator. New York Times, (Oct. 27, 2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040200"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LES.2013.2276434"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSECP.2004.1281254"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"et al","author":"Nixon C.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nixon , C. et al . Academic Dual Chamber Pacemaker . University of Minnesota, 2008 . Nixon, C. et al. Academic Dual Chamber Pacemaker. University of Minnesota, 2008."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Guide for Conducting Risk Assessments. NIST Special Publication 800-30 Rev","author":"Ross R.S.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ross , R.S. Guide for Conducting Risk Assessments. NIST Special Publication 800-30 Rev . 1, Sept. 2012 . Ross, R.S. Guide for Conducting Risk Assessments. NIST Special Publication 800-30 Rev. 1, Sept. 2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2508859.2516658"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"New York Times (Jan. 14","author":"Sanger D.E.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sanger , D.E. and Shanker , T. N.S.A. devises radio pathway into computers . New York Times (Jan. 14 , 2014 ). Sanger, D.E. and Shanker, T. N.S.A. devises radio pathway into computers. New York Times (Jan. 14, 2014)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33027-8_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2162081.2162092"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","article-title":"New firewall to safeguard against medical-device hacking","author":"Venere E","year":"2012","unstructured":"Venere , E . New firewall to safeguard against medical-device hacking . Purdue University News Service , Apr. 12, 2012 . Venere, E. New firewall to safeguard against medical-device hacking. Purdue University News Service, Apr. 12, 2012.","journal-title":"Purdue University News Service"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vockley M. Safe and Secure? Healthcare in the cyberworld. AAMI (Advancing Safety in Medical Technology) BI&T -- Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology May\/June 2012.  Vockley M. Safe and Secure? Healthcare in the cyberworld. AAMI (Advancing Safety in Medical Technology) BI&T -- Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology May\/June 2012.","DOI":"10.2345\/0899-8205-46.3.164"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Wall Street Journal (June 13","author":"Weaver C.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weaver , C. Patients put at risk by computer viruses . Wall Street Journal (June 13 , 2013 ). Weaver, C. Patients put at risk by computer viruses. Wall Street Journal (June 13, 2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2463209.2488912"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2345\/0899-8205-45.1.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Medical device regulations: Global overview and guiding principles","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2003","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Medical device regulations: Global overview and guiding principles . 2003 . World Health Organization. Medical device regulations: Global overview and guiding principles. 2003."}],"container-title":["Communications of the ACM"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2667218","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2667218","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T06:12:15Z","timestamp":1750227135000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2667218"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,23]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,23]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2667218"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2667218","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-0782","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7317","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-03-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}