{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:15:32Z","timestamp":1750306532373,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,2]],"date-time":"2015-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Data and Information Quality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Public-use earth science datasets are a useful resource with the unfortunate feature that their provenance is easily disconnected from their content. \u201cFair-use policies\u201d typically associated with these datasets require appropriate attribution of providers by users, but sound and complete attribution is difficult if provenance information is lost. To address this, we introduce a technique to directly associate provenance information with sensor datasets. Our technique is similar to traditional watermarking but is intended for application to unstructured time-series datasets. Our approach is potentially imperceptible given sufficient margins of error in datasets and is robust to a number of benign but likely transformations including truncation, rounding, bit-flipping, sampling, and reordering. We provide algorithms for both one-bit and blind mark checking and show how our system can be adapted to various data representation types. Our algorithms are probabilistic in nature and are characterized by both combinatorial and empirical analyses. Mark embedding can be applied at any point in the data life cycle, allowing adaptation of our scheme to social or scientific concerns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2687422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,3]],"date-time":"2015-03-03T14:08:19Z","timestamp":1425391699000},"page":"1-30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Self-Identifying Data for Fair Use"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Stephen","family":"Chong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard University, Cambridge, MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Skalka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Vermont, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey A.","family":"Vaughan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,2]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases. Morgan Kaufmann","author":"Agrawal R.","key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"R. Agrawal and J. Kiernan . 2002. Watermarking relational databases . In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases. Morgan Kaufmann , San Francisco, CA, 155--166. R. Agrawal and J. Kiernan. 2002. Watermarking relational databases. In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, 155--166."},{"volume-title":"Workshop Symposium on Integration in Environmental Information Systems. ISESS, 1--9.","author":"Arndt H. K.","key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"H. K. Arndt , T. Bandholtz , O. G\u00fcnther , M. R\u00fcther , and T. Sch\u00fctz . 2000. EML\u2014the Environmental Markup Language . In Workshop Symposium on Integration in Environmental Information Systems. ISESS, 1--9. H. K. Arndt, T. Bandholtz, O. G\u00fcnther, M. R\u00fcther, and T. Sch\u00fctz. 2000. EML\u2014the Environmental Markup Language. In Workshop Symposium on Integration in Environmental Information Systems. ISESS, 1--9."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2218\/ijdc.v4i2.90"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00778-005-0156-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1142473.1142534"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Network (DCOSS)\/Euro-American Workshop on Middleware for Sensor Networks.","author":"Chang K.","key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"K. Chang , N. Yau , M. Hansen , and D. Estrin . 2006. Sensorbase.org\u2014a centralized repository to slog sensor network data . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Network (DCOSS)\/Euro-American Workshop on Middleware for Sensor Networks. K. Chang, N. Yau, M. Hansen, and D. Estrin. 2006. Sensorbase.org\u2014a centralized repository to slog sensor network data. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Network (DCOSS)\/Euro-American Workshop on Middleware for Sensor Networks."},{"volume-title":"2006 12th International Multi-Media Modeling Conference Proceedings. IEEE","author":"Chbeir R.","key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"R. Chbeir and D. Gross-Amblard . 2006. Multimedia and metadata watermarking driven by application constraints . In 2006 12th International Multi-Media Modeling Conference Proceedings. IEEE , Washington, DC. R. Chbeir and D. Gross-Amblard. 2006. Multimedia and metadata watermarking driven by application constraints. In 2006 12th International Multi-Media Modeling Conference Proceedings. IEEE, Washington, DC."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1791212.1791223"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Tech. Rep. TR-01-14","author":"Chong S.","year":"2014","unstructured":"S. Chong , C. Skalka , and J. A. Vaughan . 2014 . Self-identifying data for fair use. Tech. Rep. TR-01-14 , Harvard University. Retrieved from ftp:\/\/ftp.deas.harvard.edu\/techreports\/tr-2014.html. S. Chong, C. Skalka, and J. A. Vaughan. 2014. Self-identifying data for fair use. Tech. Rep. TR-01-14, Harvard University. Retrieved from ftp:\/\/ftp.deas.harvard.edu\/techreports\/tr-2014.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/S1110865702000525"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of 27th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases. Morgan Kaufmann","author":"Cui Y.","key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Y. Cui and J. Widom . 2001. Lineage tracing for general data warehouse transformations . In Proceedings of 27th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases. Morgan Kaufmann , San Francisco, CA. Y. Cui and J. Widom. 2001. Lineage tracing for general data warehouse transformations. In Proceedings of 27th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Fridrich and M. Goljan. 1999. Comparing robustness of watermarking techniques. In Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents. Vol. 3657. SPIE Bellingham WA. J. Fridrich and M. Goljan. 1999. Comparing robustness of watermarking techniques. In Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents. Vol. 3657. SPIE Bellingham WA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.344671"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia. IEEE Computer Society","author":"Gehani A.","key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"A. Gehani and U. Lindqvist . 2007. VEIL: A system for certifying video provenance . In Proceedings of the 9th IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia. IEEE Computer Society , Washington, DC, 263--272. A. Gehani and U. Lindqvist. 2007. VEIL: A system for certifying video provenance. In Proceedings of the 9th IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, 263--272."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2428955.2428995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study. 2014. Homepage. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.hubbardbrook.org\/. Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study. 2014. Homepage. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.hubbardbrook.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177697386"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s110404118"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDE.2005.270"},{"volume-title":"Workshop on Web Information and Data Management. ACM","author":"Lee T.","key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"T. Lee , S. Bressan , and S. E. Madnick . 1998. Source attribution for querying against semi-structured documents . In Workshop on Web Information and Data Management. ACM , New York, NY, 33--39. T. Lee, S. Bressan, and S. E. Madnick. 1998. Source attribution for querying against semi-structured documents. In Workshop on Web Information and Data Management. ACM, New York, NY, 33--39."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2010.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-89965-5_28"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Web Information and Data Management. ACM","author":"Sadri F.","year":"1998","unstructured":"F. Sadri , Ed. 1998 . In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Web Information and Data Management. ACM , New York, NY. F. Sadri, Ed. 1998. In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Web Information and Data Management. ACM, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Sagehen Creek Field Station Data Repository. 2014. Homepage. Retrieved from http:\/\/sagehen.ucnrs.org\/resources.htm. Sagehen Creek Field Station Data Repository. 2014. Homepage. Retrieved from http:\/\/sagehen.ucnrs.org\/resources.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2007.190668"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2006.82"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Workshop on Database and Programming Languages. Springer-Verlag","author":"Tan W.","year":"2003","unstructured":"W. Tan . 2003 . Containment of relational queries with annotation propagation . In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Database and Programming Languages. Springer-Verlag , Berlin, 37--53. W. Tan. 2003. Containment of relational queries with annotation propagation. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Database and Programming Languages. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 37--53."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"UbiSec&Sens. 2013. Hmac-MD5 Implementation. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ist-ubisecsens.org\/downloads\/hmac-md5\/hmac-md5.php. UbiSec&Sens. 2013. Hmac-MD5 Implementation. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ist-ubisecsens.org\/downloads\/hmac-md5\/hmac-md5.php."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Trio: A system for integrated management of data, accuracy, and lineage. Technical Report 2004-40, Stanford InfoLab.","author":"Widom J.","year":"2004","unstructured":"J. Widom . 2004 . Trio: A system for integrated management of data, accuracy, and lineage. Technical Report 2004-40, Stanford InfoLab. J. Widom. 2004. Trio: A system for integrated management of data, accuracy, and lineage. Technical Report 2004-40, Stanford InfoLab."}],"container-title":["Journal of Data and Information Quality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2687422","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2687422","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T06:12:14Z","timestamp":1750227134000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2687422"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,2]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2687422"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2687422","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-1955","1936-1963"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1936-1955"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1936-1963"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-01-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-09-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-03-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}