{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T09:09:35Z","timestamp":1778663375940,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,2]],"date-time":"2015-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korean Ministry of Knowledge and Economy Project &num;10035570"},{"name":"Cisco and the National Science Foundation","award":["IIS-1111507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIS-1111507"]}]},{"name":"&ldquo;Development of Self-Powered Smart Sensor Node Platform for Smart and Green Buildings.&rdquo;"},{"name":"Cisco University Research Program Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Sen. Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            RPL is an IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (LLNs) designed to meet the requirements of a wide range of LLN applications including smart grid AMIs, home and building automation, industrial and environmental monitoring, health care, wireless sensor networks, and the Internet of Things (IoT) in general with thousands and millions of nodes interconnected through multihop mesh networks. RPL constructs tree-like routing topology rooted at an LLN border router (LBR) and supports bidirectional IPv6 communication to and from the mesh devices by providing both upward and downward routing over the routing tree. In this article, we focus on the interoperability of downward routing and supporting its two modes of operations (MOPs) defined in the RPL standard (RFC 6550). Specifically, we show that there exists a serious connectivity problem in RPL protocol when two MOPs are mixed within a single network, even for standard-compliant implementations, which may result in network partitions. To address this problem, this article proposes\n            <jats:italic>DualMOP-RPL<\/jats:italic>\n            , an enhanced version of RPL, which supports nodes with different MOPs for downward routing to communicate gracefully in a single RPL network while preserving the high bidirectional data delivery performance.\n            <jats:italic>DualMOP-RPL<\/jats:italic>\n            allows multiple overlapping RPL networks in the same geographical regions to cooperate as a single densely connected network even if those networks are using different MOPs. This will not only improve the link qualities and routing performances of the networks but also allow for network migrations and alternate routing in the case of LBR failures. We evaluate\n            <jats:italic>DualMOP-RPL<\/jats:italic>\n            through extensive simulations and testbed experiments and show that our proposal eliminates all the problems we have identified.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2700261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,3]],"date-time":"2015-03-03T14:08:19Z","timestamp":1425391699000},"page":"1-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["DualMOP-RPL"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jeonggil","family":"Ko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jongsoo","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jongjun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jong Arm","family":"Jun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omprakash","family":"Gnawali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeongyeup","family":"Paek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hongik University, Sejong, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of ACM Sensys","author":"Adler R.","year":"2005","unstructured":"R. Adler , Phil Buonadonna , Jasmeet Chhabra , Mick Flanigan , Lakshman Krishnamurthy , Nandakishore Kushalnagar , Lama Nachman , and Mark Yarvis . 2005 . Design and deployment of industrial sensor networks: Experiences from the north sea and a semiconductor plant . In Proceedings of ACM Sensys 2005. R. Adler, Phil Buonadonna, Jasmeet Chhabra, Mick Flanigan, Lakshman Krishnamurthy, Nandakishore Kushalnagar, Lama Nachman, and Mark Yarvis. 2005. Design and deployment of industrial sensor networks: Experiences from the north sea and a semiconductor plant. In Proceedings of ACM Sensys 2005."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Brandt J. Buron and G. Porcu. 2010. Home automation routing requirements in low-power and lossy networks. RFC 5826 (April 2010).  A. Brandt J. Buron and G. Porcu. 2010. Home automation routing requirements in low-power and lossy networks. RFC 5826 (April 2010).","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc5826"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Cisco. 2015. Smart Grid - Field Area Network. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cisco.com\/web\/strategy\/energy\/field_area_network.html.  Cisco. 2015. Smart Grid - Field Area Network. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cisco.com\/web\/strategy\/energy\/field_area_network.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WiMOB.2011.6085374"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"T. Winter P. Thubert A. Brandt J. Hui R. Kelsey P. Levis K. Pister R. Struik J. P. Vasseur and R. Alexander. 2009. Routing requirements for urban low-power and lossy networks. RFC 5548 (May 2009).  T. Winter P. Thubert A. Brandt J. Hui R. Kelsey P. Levis K. Pister R. Struik J. P. Vasseur and R. Alexander. 2009. Routing requirements for urban low-power and lossy networks. RFC 5548 (May 2009)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"RPL: IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks. RFC 6550 (March","author":"Winter T.","year":"2012","unstructured":"T. Winter , P. Thubert , A. Brandt , J. Hui , R. Kelsey , P. Levis , K. Pister , R. Struik , J. P. Vasseur , and R. Alexander . 2012 . RPL: IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks. RFC 6550 (March 2012). T. Winter, P. Thubert, A. Brandt, J. Hui, R. Kelsey, P. Levis, K. Pister, R. Struik, J. P. Vasseur, and R. Alexander. 2012. RPL: IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks. RFC 6550 (March 2012)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. 2015. Project of the Future: Industry 4.0. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.bmbf.de\/en\/19955.php.  German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. 2015. Project of the Future: Industry 4.0. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.bmbf.de\/en\/19955.php."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.2787"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Hui J. P. Vasseur D. Culler and V. Manral. 2012. An IPv6 routing header for source routes with the routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL). RFC 6554 (March 2012).  J. Hui J. P. Vasseur D. Culler and V. Manral. 2012. An IPv6 routing header for source routes with the routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL). RFC 6554 (March 2012).","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc6554"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"IEEE Std. 802.15.4-2003 2003. IEEE Standard for Information technology -- Telecommunications and information exchange between systems -- Local and metropolitan area networks. Specific requirements -- Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ieee802.org\/15\/pub\/TG4.html.  IEEE Std. 802.15.4-2003 2003. IEEE Standard for Information technology -- Telecommunications and information exchange between systems -- Local and metropolitan area networks. Specific requirements -- Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ieee802.org\/15\/pub\/TG4.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"J. Martocci P. De Mil N. Riou and W. Vermeylen. 2010. Building automation routing requirements in low-power and lossy networks. RFC 5867 (June 2010).  J. Martocci P. De Mil N. Riou and W. Vermeylen. 2010. Building automation routing requirements in low-power and lossy networks. RFC 5867 (June 2010)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT\u201911)","author":"Jeong J.","unstructured":"J. Jeong , J. Kim , and P. Mah . 2011. Design and implementation of low power wireless IPv6 routing for NanoQplus . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT\u201911) . J. Jeong, J. Kim, and P. Mah. 2011. Design and implementation of low power wireless IPv6 routing for NanoQplus. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT\u201911)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"S. Dwars, and T. Phinney.","author":"Pister K.","year":"2009","unstructured":"K. Pister , Ed. P. Thubert , S. Dwars, and T. Phinney. 2009 . Industrial routing requirements in low-power and lossy networks. RFC 5673 (Oct. 2009). K. Pister, Ed. P. Thubert, S. Dwars, and T. Phinney. 2009. Industrial routing requirements in low-power and lossy networks. RFC 5673 (Oct. 2009)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Extending the Internet to Low Power and Lossy Networks (IP&plus;SN\u201911)","author":"Ko J.","unstructured":"J. Ko , S. Dawson-Haggerty , O. Gnawali , D. Culler , and A. Terzis . 2011a. Evaluating the performance of RPL and 6LoWPAN in TinyOS . In Proceedings of the Workshop on Extending the Internet to Low Power and Lossy Networks (IP&plus;SN\u201911) . J. Ko, S. Dawson-Haggerty, O. Gnawali, D. Culler, and A. Terzis. 2011a. Evaluating the performance of RPL and 6LoWPAN in TinyOS. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Extending the Internet to Low Power and Lossy Networks (IP&plus;SN\u201911)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1814539.1814550"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Connecting low-power and lossy networks to the internet","volume":"49","author":"Ko J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"J. Ko , A. Terzis , S. Dawson-Haggerty , D. E. Culler , J. W. Hui , and P. Levis . 2011 b. Connecting low-power and lossy networks to the internet . IEEE Communications Magazine 49 , 4 (April 2011), 96--101. J. Ko, A. Terzis, S. Dawson-Haggerty, D. E. Culler, J. W. Hui, and P. Levis. 2011b. Connecting low-power and lossy networks to the internet. IEEE Communications Magazine 49, 4 (April 2011), 96--101.","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Magazine"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Goyal E. Baccelli M. Philipp A. Brandt and J. Martocci. 2013. Reactive discovery of point-to-point routes in low-power and lossy networks. RFC 6997 (Aug. 2013).  M. Goyal E. Baccelli M. Philipp A. Brandt and J. Martocci. 2013. Reactive discovery of point-to-point routes in low-power and lossy networks. RFC 6997 (Aug. 2013).","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc6997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Montenegro N. Kushalnagar J. Hui and D. Culler. 2007. Transmission of IPv6 packets over IEEE 802.15.4 networks. RFC 4944 (Sept. 2007).  G. Montenegro N. Kushalnagar J. Hui and D. Culler. 2007. Transmission of IPv6 packets over IEEE 802.15.4 networks. RFC 4944 (Sept. 2007).","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc4944"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1807048.1807049"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1777406.1777413"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s140915981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978642.1978646"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Objective function zero for the routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL). RFC 6552 (March","author":"Thubert P.","year":"2012","unstructured":"P. Thubert . 2012. Objective function zero for the routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL). RFC 6552 (March 2012 ). P. Thubert. 2012. Objective function zero for the routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL). RFC 6552 (March 2012)."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2700261","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2700261","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T05:07:43Z","timestamp":1750223263000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2700261"}},"subtitle":["Supporting Multiple Modes of Downward Routing in a Single RPL Network"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,2]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2700261"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2700261","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-4859","1550-4867"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1550-4859","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-4867","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-03-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-09-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-03-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}