{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T14:25:45Z","timestamp":1782829545044,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"New York, New York, USA","reference-count":37,"publisher":"ACM Press","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Administration for Community Living's National Institute on Disability, Independent Living and Rehabilitation Research","award":["90RE5008-01-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90RE5008-01-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/2700648.2809868","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,8]],"date-time":"2016-08-08T18:33:46Z","timestamp":1470681226000},"page":"97-106","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["The Tactile Graphics Helper"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Fusco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie S.","family":"Morash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","reference":[{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-1","unstructured":"Osmo - Award-Winning Educational Games System for iPad. http:\/\/www.playosmo.com\/."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. K. Aldrich and L. Sheppard. Tactile graphics in school education: Perspectives from pupils. British Journal of Visual Impairment, 19(2):69--73, 2001.","DOI":"10.1177\/026461960101900204"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. M. Baker, L. R. Milne, J. Scofield, C. L. Bennett, and R. E. Ladner. Tactile graphics with a voice: using QR codes to access text in tactile graphics. In Proceedings of the 16th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, ASSETS '14, pages 75--82. ACM, 2014.","DOI":"10.1145\/2661334.2661366"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Beck-Winchatz and M. A. Riccobono. Advancing participation of blind students in science, technology, engineering, and math. Advances in Space Research, 42(11):1855--1858, 2008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2007.05.080"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-5","unstructured":"P. Blenkhorn and D. Evans. A system for reading and producing talking tactile maps and diagrams. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Tecnology and Persons with Disabilities (CSUN), volume 94, pages 16--19, 1994."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V. Braun and V. Clarke. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2):77--101, 2006.","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Bryman. Integrating quantitative and qualitative research: how is it done-- Qualitative Research, 6(1):97--113, 2006.","DOI":"10.1177\/1468794106058877"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Canny. A computational approach to edge detection. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, PAMI-8(6):679--698, Nov 1986.","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1986.4767851"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Cohen. A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1):37--46, 1960.","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-10","unstructured":"J. W. Creswell and V. L. Plano Clark. Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2007."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Dick and E. Kubiak. Issues and aids for teaching mathematics to the blind. The Mathematics Teacher, 90(5):344--349, 1997.","DOI":"10.5951\/MT.90.5.0344"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-12","unstructured":"P. Edman. Tactile graphics. American Foundation for the Blind, 1992."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. A. Gardner and V. Bulatov. Scientific diagrams made easy with IVEO™. In Computers Helping People with Special Needs, pages 1243--1250. Springer, 2006.","DOI":"10.1007\/11788713_179"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Gattis and K. J. Holyoak. Mapping conceptual to spatial relations in visual reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22(1):231--239, 1996.","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.22.1.231"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-15","unstructured":"H. B. Gonzalez and J. J. Kuenzi. Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education: A primer. Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 2012."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-16","unstructured":"R. D. Jacobson. Navigating maps with little or no sight: An audio-tactile approach. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Content Visualization and Intermedia Representations (CVIR), 1998."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Jayant, M. Renzelmann, D. Wen, S. Krisnandi, R. Ladner, and D. Comden. Automated tactile graphics translation: in the field. In Proceedings of the 9th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, ASSETS '07, pages 75--82. ACM, 2007.","DOI":"10.1145\/1296843.1296858"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-18","unstructured":"M. G. Jones, J. Minogue, T. Oppewal, M. P. Cook, and B. Broadwell. Visualizing without vision at the microscale: Students with visual impairments explore cells with touch. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 15(5--6):345--351, 2006."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. R. Jung. Efficient background subtraction and shadow removal for monochromatic video sequences. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 11(3):571--577, April 2009.","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2009.2012924"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. K. Kane, B. Frey, and J. O. Wobbrock. Access lens: a gesture-based screen reader for real-world documents. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pages 347--350. ACM, 2013.","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2470704"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-21","unstructured":"A. J. Koenig and M. C. Holbrook. Foundations of education: Instructional strategies for teaching children and youths with visual impairments, volume 2. American Foundation for the Blind, 2000."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-22","unstructured":"S. Landau, G. Bourquin, J. Miele, and A. Van Schaack. Demonstration of a universally accessible audio-haptic transit map built on a digital pen-based platform. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Haptic and Audio Interaction Design, pages 23--24, 2008."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-23","unstructured":"S. Landau and K. Gourgey. Development of a talking tactile tablet. Information Technology and Disabilities, 7(2), 2001."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Leinhardt, O. Zaslavsky, and M. K. Stein. Functions, graphs, and graphing: Tasks, learning, and teaching. Review of Educational Research, 60(1):1--64, 1990.","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543060001001"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Minatani. A proposal for an automated method to produce embossed graphics for blind persons. In C. Stephanidis and M. Antona, editors, Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Universal Access to Information and Knowledge, volume 8514 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 144--153. Springer International Publishing, 2014.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07440-5_14"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V. Morash, A. E. Connell Pensky, S. T. W. Tseng, and J. A. Miele. Effects of using multiple hands and fingers on haptic performance in individuals who are blind. Perception, 43(7):569--588, 2013.","DOI":"10.1068\/p7712"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-27","unstructured":"D. Parkes. Nomad: An audio-tactile tool for the acquisition, use and management of spatially distributed information by visually impaired people. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Maps and Graphics for Visually Handicapped People, 1988."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Shen, O. Edwards, J. Miele, and J. M. Coughlan. Camio: A 3D computer vision system enabling audio\/haptic interaction with physical objects by blind users. In Proceedings of the 15th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, ASSETS '13, pages 41:1--41:2, New York, NY, USA, 2013. ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/2513383.2513423"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. W. Smith and S. M. Smothers. The role and characteristics of tactile graphics in secondary mathematics and science textbooks in braille. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 106(9):543--554, 2012.","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X1210600905"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-30","unstructured":"T. Streeter. Voce: Open source speech interaction. http:\/\/voce.sourceforge.net\/."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. White, H. Ji, and J. P. Bigham. Easysnap: Real-time audio feedback for blind photography. In Adjunct Proceedings of the 23rd Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST '10, pages 409--410, New York, NY, USA, 2010. ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/1866218.1866244"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-32","unstructured":"M. C. Wood, J. Marggraff, M. Brown, and M. Fishbach. Interactive learning appliance, Oct. 5 2004. US Patent 6,801,751."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-33","unstructured":"R. K. Yin. Case study research design and methods. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications, second edition."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-34","unstructured":"K. T. Zebehazy and A. P. Wilton. Scharting success: The experience of teachers of students with visual impairments in promoting student use of graphics. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 108(4):263--274, 2014."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-35","unstructured":"K. T. Zebehazy and A. P. Wilton. Straight from the source: Perceptions of students with visual impairments about graphic use. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 108(4):275--286, 2014."},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Zhong, P. J. Garrigues, and J. P. Bigham. Real time object scanning using a mobile phone and cloud-based visual search engine. In Proceedings of the 15th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, ASSETS '13, pages 20:1--20:8, New York, NY, USA, 2013. ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/2513383.2513443"},{"key":"key-10.1145\/2700648.2809868-37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Zhong, W. S. Lasecki, E. Brady, and J. P. Bigham. Regionspeak: Quick comprehensive spatial descriptions of complex images for blind users. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI '15, pages 2353--2362, New York, NY, USA, 2015. ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702437"}],"event":{"name":"the 17th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference","location":"Lisbon, Portugal","acronym":"ASSETS '15","number":"17","sponsor":["SIGACCESS, ACM Special Interest Group on Accessible Computing"],"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,26]]},"end":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,28]]}},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 17th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers & Accessibility - ASSETS '15"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2700648.2809868","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2809868&ftid=1636821&dwn=1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T06:13:35Z","timestamp":1750227215000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?doid=2700648.2809868"}},"subtitle":["Providing Audio Clarification for Tactile Graphics Using Machine Vision"],"proceedings-subject":"Computers & Accessibility","short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"references-count":37,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2700648.2809868","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015]]}}}