{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T19:11:45Z","timestamp":1776107505742,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,9]],"date-time":"2015-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IIS-1302338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIS-1302338"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"IBM","award":["IBM Ph.D. Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IBM Ph.D. Fellowship"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006785","name":"Google","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Google Faculty Research Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Google Faculty Research Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"AT&T Research Labs"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Access. Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Low-vision and blind bus riders often rely on known physical landmarks to help locate and verify bus stop locations (e.g., by searching for an expected shelter, bench, or newspaper bin). However, there are currently few, if any, methods to determine this information\n            <jats:italic>a priori<\/jats:italic>\n            via computational tools or services. In this article, we introduce and evaluate a new scalable method for collecting bus stop location and landmark descriptions by combining online crowdsourcing and Google Street View (GSV). We conduct and report on three studies: (i) a formative interview study of 18 people with visual impairments to inform the design of our crowdsourcing tool, (ii) a comparative study examining differences between physical bus stop audit data and audits conducted virtually with GSV, and (iii) an online study of 153 crowd workers on Amazon Mechanical Turk to examine the feasibility of crowdsourcing bus stop audits using our custom tool with GSV. Our findings reemphasize the importance of landmarks in nonvisual navigation, demonstrate that GSV is a viable bus stop audit dataset, and show that minimally trained crowd workers can find and identify bus stop landmarks with 82.5% accuracy across 150 bus stop locations (87.3% with simple quality control).\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2717513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,9]],"date-time":"2015-03-09T19:03:01Z","timestamp":1425927781000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Improving Public Transit Accessibility for Blind Riders by Crowdsourcing Bus Stop Landmark Locations with Google Street View: An Extended Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Kotaro","family":"Hara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland, College Park, MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiri","family":"Azenkot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell Tech, New York NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia L.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vicki","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland, College Park, MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Pannella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland, College Park, MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland, College Park, MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Minckler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rochelle H.","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jon E.","family":"Froehlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland, College Park, MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"American Foundation for the Blind. 2013. Accessible Mass Transit.  American Foundation for the Blind. 2013. Accessible Mass Transit."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979424"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-010-9505-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","volume-title":"Ubibus: Ubiquitous Computing to Help Blind People in Public Transport. In Proceedings of Mobile Human-Computer Interaction (MobileHCI'04)","author":"Ban\u00e2tre M.","year":"2004","unstructured":"M. Ban\u00e2tre , P. Couderc , J. Pauty , and M. Becus . 2004 . Ubibus: Ubiquitous Computing to Help Blind People in Public Transport. In Proceedings of Mobile Human-Computer Interaction (MobileHCI'04) . Lecture Notes in Computer Science . S. Brewster and M. Dunlop (Eds.). Vol. 3160 , Springer , Berlin , 310--314. M. Ban\u00e2tre, P. Couderc, J. Pauty, and M. Becus. 2004. Ubibus: Ubiquitous Computing to Help Blind People in Public Transport. In Proceedings of Mobile Human-Computer Interaction (MobileHCI'04). Lecture Notes in Computer Science. S. Brewster and M. Dunlop (Eds.). Vol. 3160, Springer, Berlin, 310--314."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1866029.1866080"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2049536.2049540"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Blind Citizens Australia. 1994. BCA Public Transport Policy.  Blind Citizens Australia. 1994. BCA Public Transport Policy."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2661334.2661378"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2010.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"Easter Seals. 2008. Toolkit for the Assessment of Bus Stop Accessibility and Safety.  Easter Seals. 2008. Toolkit for the Assessment of Bus Stop Accessibility and Safety."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753597"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-008-9188-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X9709100505"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Google. 2013. Google Street View Privacy.  Google. 2013. Google Street View Privacy."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2049536.2049626"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2207733"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/b35097"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2513383.2513448"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2384916.2384989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2470744"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X04266540"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Intercity Transit. 2010. Bus Stop Specification Guidelines.  Intercity Transit. 2010. Bus Stop Specification Guidelines."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Jacob B. Shalaik A. Winstanley and P. Mooney. 2011. Haptic Feedback for Passengers Using Public Transport. In Digital Information and Communication Technology and Its Applications. H. Cherifi J. Zain and E. El-Qawasmeh (Eds.). Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer Berlin 24--32.  R. Jacob B. Shalaik A. Winstanley and P. Mooney. 2011. Haptic Feedback for Passengers Using Public Transport. In Digital Information and Communication Technology and Its Applications. H. Cherifi J. Zain and E. El-Qawasmeh (Eds.). Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer Berlin 24--32.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-21984-9_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2181037.2181056"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology","author":"Krippendorff K. H.","year":"2003","unstructured":"K. H. Krippendorff . 2003 . Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology . Sage Publications, Inc. K. H. Krippendorff. 2003. Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. 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In Proceedings of the 5th International Colloquium on Signal Processing and Its Applications , 2009 (CSPA'09). 247--249. M. Z. H. Noor, I. Ismail, and M. F. Saaid. 2009. Bus detection device for the blind using RFID application. In Proceedings of the 5th International Colloquium on Signal Processing and Its Applications, 2009 (CSPA'09). 247--249."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753615"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2049536.2049629"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2010.09.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2217-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"The National Federation of the Blind. 1986. Resolutions adopted by the annual convention of the national federation of the blind. The Braille Monitor (October).  The National Federation of the Blind. 1986. Resolutions adopted by the annual convention of the national federation of the blind. The Braille Monitor (October)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Transportation F. H. A. 2007. ADA Regulations Part 37\u2014Transportation Services for Individuals with Disabilities.  U.S. Department of Transportation F. H. A. 2007. ADA Regulations Part 37\u2014Transportation Services for Individuals with Disabilities."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753596"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2717513","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2717513","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T07:00:44Z","timestamp":1750230044000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2717513"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,9]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,23]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2717513"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2717513","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-7228","1936-7236"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-7228","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-7236","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-06-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-01-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-03-09","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}