{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T14:53:37Z","timestamp":1779375217617,"version":"3.53.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":53,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,16]],"date-time":"2015-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1426464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005246","name":"Institute of Education Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R305A120707"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R305A120707"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,16]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/2723576.2723592","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]],"date-time":"2015-03-17T12:27:54Z","timestamp":1426595274000},"page":"194-202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["You've got style"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Erica L.","family":"Snow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura K.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew E.","family":"Jacovina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecile A.","family":"Perret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle S.","family":"McNamara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Flower L. and Hayes J. 1981. Identifying the organization of writing processes. In L. Gregg and E. Steinberg (Eds.) Cognitive processes in writing. Erlbaum & Associates Hillsdale NJ 3--30.  Flower L. and Hayes J. 1981. Identifying the organization of writing processes. In L. Gregg and E. Steinberg (Eds.) Cognitive processes in writing . Erlbaum & Associates Hillsdale NJ 3--30."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma N. and Patterson P. G. 1999. The impact of communication effectiveness and service quality on relationship commitment in consumer professional services. Journal of services marketing 13(2) (1999) 151--170.  Sharma N. and Patterson P. G. 1999. The impact of communication effectiveness and service quality on relationship commitment in consumer professional services. Journal of services marketing 13 (2) (1999) 151--170.","DOI":"10.1108\/08876049910266059"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Washington, DC: Alliance for Excellent Education.","author":"Graham S.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Graham , S. , and Perin , D . 2007 . Writing next: Effective strategies to improve writing of adolescents in middle and high schools---A report to Carnegie Corporation of New York . Washington, DC: Alliance for Excellent Education. Graham, S., and Perin, D. 2007. Writing next: Effective strategies to improve writing of adolescents in middle and high schools---A report to Carnegie Corporation of New York. Washington, DC: Alliance for Excellent Education."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"The Nation's Report Card: Trial Urban District Assessment Science","author":"National Center for Education Statistics 2011.","year":"2009","unstructured":"National Center for Education Statistics 2011. The Nation's Report Card: Trial Urban District Assessment Science 2009 . (NCES 2011--452). Washington, D.C. : U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved from http:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/nationsreportcard\/pdf\/dst2009\/2011452.pdf National Center for Education Statistics 2011. The Nation's Report Card: Trial Urban District Assessment Science 2009. (NCES 2011--452). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved from http:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/nationsreportcard\/pdf\/dst2009\/2011452.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McNamara D. S. Crossley S. A. and McCarthy P. M. 2010. The linguistic features of writing quality. Written Communication 27 (2010) 57--86.  McNamara D. S. Crossley S. A. and McCarthy P. M. 2010. The linguistic features of writing quality. Written Communication 27 (2010) 57--86.","DOI":"10.1177\/0741088309351547"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/356693"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graesser A. C. and McNamara D. S. 2011. Computational analyses of multilevel discourse comprehension. Topics in Cognitive Science 2 (2011) 371--398.  Graesser A. C. and McNamara D. S. 2011. Computational analyses of multilevel discourse comprehension. Topics in Cognitive Science 2 (2011) 371--398.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-8765.2010.01081.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.","author":"McNamara D. S.","year":"2014","unstructured":"McNamara , D. S. , Graesser , A. C. , McCarthy , P. , and Cai , Z . 2014 . Automated evaluation of text and discourse with Coh-Metrix . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. McNamara, D. S., Graesser, A. C., McCarthy, P., and Cai, Z. 2014. Automated evaluation of text and discourse with Coh-Metrix. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Narrative Impact: Social and Cognitive Foundations","author":"Graesser A. C.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Graesser , A. C. , Olde , B. , and Klettke , B . 2002 . How does the mind construct and represent stories? In M. C. Green, J. J. Strange, and T. C. Brock (Eds .), Narrative Impact: Social and Cognitive Foundations . Lawrence Erlbaum Associates , Mahwah NJ , 231--263. Graesser, A. C., Olde, B., and Klettke, B. 2002. How does the mind construct and represent stories? In M. C. Green, J. J. Strange, and T. C. Brock (Eds.), Narrative Impact: Social and Cognitive Foundations. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah NJ, 231--263."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.114.3.357"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Using language","author":"Clark H. H.","unstructured":"Clark , H. H. 1996. Using language . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Clark, H. H. 1996. Using language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Experiencing narrative worlds","author":"Gerrig R. J.","unstructured":"Gerrig , R. J. 1993. Experiencing narrative worlds . New Haven : Yale University Press . Gerrig, R. J. 1993. Experiencing narrative worlds. New Haven: Yale University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Newkirk T. 2012. How we really comprehend nonfiction. Educational Leadership 69 (2012) 29--32.  Newkirk T. 2012. How we really comprehend nonfiction. Educational Leadership 69 (2012) 29--32."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-012-0258-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crossley S. A. Roscoe R. and McNamara D. S. 2014. What is successful writing? An investigation into the multiple ways writers can write successful essays. Written Communication 31 (2014) 184--214.  Crossley S. A. Roscoe R. and McNamara D. S. 2014. What is successful writing? An investigation into the multiple ways writers can write successful essays. Written Communication 31 (2014) 184--214.","DOI":"10.1177\/0741088314526354"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Middle School: Classroom-ready Activities that Inspire Creativity and Support Core Standards.","author":"Delisle D.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Delisle , D. , and Delisle , J . 2011 . Building Strong Writers in Middle School: Classroom-ready Activities that Inspire Creativity and Support Core Standards. Minneapolis : Free Spirit Publishing . Delisle, D., and Delisle, J. 2011. Building Strong Writers in Middle School: Classroom-ready Activities that Inspire Creativity and Support Core Standards. Minneapolis: Free Spirit Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"K","author":"Graham S.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Graham , S. , and R. Harris , K . 2000 . The role of self-regulation and transcription skills in writing and writing development. Educational psychologist, 35(1), (2000), 3--12. Graham, S., and R. Harris, K. 2000. The role of self-regulation and transcription skills in writing and writing development. Educational psychologist, 35(1), (2000), 3--12."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Shanahan T. and Tierney R. J. 1990. Reading-writing relationships: Three perspectives. In J. Zutell and S. McCormick (Eds.) Literacy theory and research: Analyses from multiple paradigms (Thirty-ninth yearbook of the National Reading Conference) National Reading Conference Chicago IL 13--34.  Shanahan T. and Tierney R. J. 1990. Reading-writing relationships: Three perspectives. In J. Zutell and S. McCormick (Eds.) Literacy theory and research: Analyses from multiple paradigms (Thirty-ninth yearbook of the National Reading Conference) National Reading Conference Chicago IL 13--34."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Allen L. K. Snow E. L. and McNamara D. S. under review. The narrative waltz: The role of flexible style on writing performance. Manuscript submitted to the Journal of Educational Psychology.  Allen L. K. Snow E. L. and McNamara D. S. under review. The narrative waltz: The role of flexible style on writing performance. Manuscript submitted to the Journal of Educational Psychology ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"S. K. D'Mello","author":"Snow E. L.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Snow , E. L. , Likens , A. , Jackson , G. T. , and McNamara , D. S. 2013. Students' walk through tutoring: Using a random walk analysis to profile students . In S. K. D'Mello , R. A. Calvo, and A. Olney (Eds.), Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Educational Data Mining, (Memphis, Tennessee, July 6--9, 2013 ), Springer Berlin Heidelberg , 276--279. Snow, E. L., Likens, A., Jackson, G. T., and McNamara, D. S. 2013. Students' walk through tutoring: Using a random walk analysis to profile students. In S. K. D'Mello, R. A. Calvo, and A. Olney (Eds.), Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Educational Data Mining, (Memphis, Tennessee, July 6--9, 2013), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 276--279."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","first-page":"139","article-title":"1998. Inside the black box: Raising standards through classroom assessment","volume":"80","author":"Black P.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Black , P. , and William , D . 1998. Inside the black box: Raising standards through classroom assessment . Phi Delta Kappan , 80 , ( 1998 ), 139 -- 148 . Black, P., and William, D. 1998. Inside the black box: Raising standards through classroom assessment. Phi Delta Kappan, 80, (1998), 139--148.","journal-title":"Phi Delta Kappan"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Computer games and instruction","author":"Shute V. J.","unstructured":"Shute , V. J. 2011. Stealth assessment in computer-based games to support learning . In S. Tobias and J. D. Fletcher (Eds.), Computer games and instruction . Information Age Publishers , Charlotte, NC , 503--524. Shute, V. J. 2011. Stealth assessment in computer-based games to support learning. In S. Tobias and J. D. Fletcher (Eds.), Computer games and instruction. Information Age Publishers, Charlotte, NC, 503--524."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shute V. J. and Kim Y. J. 2013. Formative and stealth assessment. In J. M. Spector M. D. Merrill J. Elen and M. J. Bishop (Eds.) Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology (4th Edition). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Taylor & Francis Group New York NY 311--323.  Shute V. J. and Kim Y. J. 2013. Formative and stealth assessment. In J. M. Spector M. D. Merrill J. Elen and M. J. Bishop (Eds.) Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology (4th Edition) . Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Taylor & Francis Group New York NY 311--323.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-3185-5_25"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"McNamara D. S. 2011. Measuring deep reflective comprehension and learning strategies: Challenges and successes. Metacognition and Learning 3 (2011) 1--11.  McNamara D. S. 2011. Measuring deep reflective comprehension and learning strategies: Challenges and successes. Metacognition and Learning 3 (2011) 1--11."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/654791"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Entropy: A stealth assessment of agency in learning environments","author":"Snow E. L.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Snow , E. L. , Jacovina , M. E. , Allen , L. K. , Dai . J. , and McNamara , D. S. 2014 . Entropy: A stealth assessment of agency in learning environments . In J. Stamper, Z. Pardos, M. Mavrikis, and B. M. McLaren (Eds.), Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Educational Data Mining, (London, UK, July 4--7, 2014), Springer Berlin Heidelberg , 241--244. Snow, E. L., Jacovina, M. E., Allen, L. K., Dai. J., and McNamara, D. S. 2014. Entropy: A stealth assessment of agency in learning environments. In J. Stamper, Z. Pardos, M. Mavrikis, and B. M. McLaren (Eds.), Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Educational Data Mining, (London, UK, July 4--7, 2014), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 241--244."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11257-007-9045-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"Allen L. K. Jacovina M. E. and McNamara D. S. in press. Computer-based writing instruction. In C. A. MacArthur S. Graham and J. Fitzgerald (Eds.) Handbook of Writing Research.  Allen L. K. Jacovina M. E. and McNamara D. S. in press. Computer-based writing instruction. In C. A. MacArthur S. Graham and J. Fitzgerald (Eds.) Handbook of Writing Research ."},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_2_1_30_1.1","unstructured":"Grimes D. and Warschauer M. 2010. Utility in a fallible tool: A multi-site case study of automated writing evaluation. Journal of Technology Learning and Assessment 8"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_2_1_30_1.2","unstructured":"(6) (2010). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.jtla.org. Grimes D. and Warschauer M. 2010. Utility in a fallible tool: A multi-site case study of automated writing evaluation. Journal of Technology Learning and Assessment 8"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_2_1_30_1.3","unstructured":"(6) (2010). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.jtla.org."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"Attali Y. and Burstein J. 2006. Automated essay scoring with e-rater\u00ae v.2.0. The Journal of Technology Learning and Assessment 4 (2006) (np).  Attali Y. and Burstein J. 2006. Automated essay scoring with e-rater\u00ae v.2.0. The Journal of Technology Learning and Assessment 4 (2006) (np)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1362168806lr190oa"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"Rudner L. M. Garcia V. and Welch C. 2006. An evaluation of the IntelliMetricTM essay scoring system. Journal of Technology Learning and Assessment 4(4) (2006).  Rudner L. M. Garcia V. and Welch C. 2006. An evaluation of the IntelliMetricTM essay scoring system. Journal of Technology Learning and Assessment 4(4) (2006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"Landauer T. K. Laham R. D. and Foltz P. W. 2003. Automated scoring and annotation of essays with the Intelligent Essay Assessor. In M. Shermis and J. Bernstein (Eds.) Automated Essay Scoring: A cross-disciplinary perspective. Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers Mahwah NJ.  Landauer T. K. Laham R. D. and Foltz P. W. 2003. Automated scoring and annotation of essays with the Intelligent Essay Assessor. In M. Shermis and J. Bernstein (Eds.) Automated Essay Scoring: A cross-disciplinary perspective . Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers Mahwah NJ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Automated essay scoring: A cross-disciplinary perspective","author":"Page E. B.","unstructured":"Page , E. B. 2003. Project Essay Grade: PEG . In M. D. Shermis and J. Burstein (Eds.), Automated essay scoring: A cross-disciplinary perspective . Lawrence Erlbaum Associates , Mahwah, NJ , 43--54. Page, E. B. 2003. Project Essay Grade: PEG. In M. D. Shermis and J. Burstein (Eds.), Automated essay scoring: A cross-disciplinary perspective. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, 43--54."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","unstructured":"Allen L. K. Crossley S. A. Snow E. L. and McNamara D. S. 2014. Game-based writing strategy tutoring for second language learners: Game enjoyment as a key to engagement. Language Learning and Technology 18 (2014) 124--150.  Allen L. K. Crossley S. A. Snow E. L. and McNamara D. S. 2014. Game-based writing strategy tutoring for second language learners: Game enjoyment as a key to engagement. Language Learning and Technology 18 (2014) 124--150."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 26th Annual Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Society (FLAIRS) Conference, (St.","author":"Roscoe R. D.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roscoe , R. D. , Snow , E. L. , Brandon , R. D. , and McNamara , D. S. 2013. Educational game enjoyment, perceptions, and features in an intelligent writing tutor . In C. Boonthum-Denecke and G. M. Youngblood (Eds.), Proceedings of the 26th Annual Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Society (FLAIRS) Conference, (St. Pete, Florida , May 22--24, 2013 ), The AAAI Press , Menlo Park, CA, 515--520. Roscoe, R. D., Snow, E. L., Brandon, R. D., and McNamara, D. S. 2013. Educational game enjoyment, perceptions, and features in an intelligent writing tutor. In C. Boonthum-Denecke and G. M. Youngblood (Eds.), Proceedings of the 26th Annual Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Society (FLAIRS) Conference, (St. Pete, Florida, May 22--24, 2013), The AAAI Press, Menlo Park, CA, 515--520."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJLT.2013.059131"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Gates MacGinitie reading tests","author":"MacGinitie W. H.","unstructured":"MacGinitie , W. H. , and MacGinitie , R. K. 1989. Gates MacGinitie reading tests . Riverside . Chicago, IL . MacGinitie, W. H., and MacGinitie, R. K. 1989. Gates MacGinitie reading tests. Riverside. Chicago, IL."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 26th annual meeting of the Cognitive Science Society","author":"O'Reilly T.","year":"2004","unstructured":"O'Reilly , T. , Best , R. , and McNamara , D. S. 2004 . Self-explanation reading training: Effects for low-knowledge readers . In Proceedings of the 26th annual meeting of the Cognitive Science Society , ( Chicago, Illinois, August 4--7 , 2004) Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, 1053--1058. O'Reilly, T., Best, R., and McNamara, D. S. 2004. Self-explanation reading training: Effects for low-knowledge readers. In Proceedings of the 26th annual meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, (Chicago, Illinois, August 4--7, 2004) Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, 1053--1058."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McNamara D. S. and Graesser A. C. 2012. Coh-Metrix: An automated tool for theoretical and applied natural language processing. In P. M. McCarthy and C. Boonthum-Denecke (Eds.) Applied natural language processing and content analysis: Identification investigation and resolution. IGI Global Hershey PA 188--205.  McNamara D. S. and Graesser A. C. 2012. Coh-Metrix: An automated tool for theoretical and applied natural language processing. In P. M. McCarthy and C. Boonthum-Denecke (Eds.) Applied natural language processing and content analysis: Identification investigation and resolution . IGI Global Hershey PA 188--205.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-60960-741-8.ch011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 29th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society","author":"Duran N.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Duran , N. , Bellissens , C. , Taylor , R. , and McNamara , D. S. 2007 . Qualifying text difficulty with automated indices of cohesion and semantics. In D. S. McNamara and G. Trafton (Eds.) , Proceedings of the 29th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society , ( Nashville, Tennessee, August 1--4 , 2007) Cognitive Science Society, Austin, TX, 233--238. Duran, N., Bellissens, C., Taylor, R., and McNamara, D. S. 2007. Qualifying text difficulty with automated indices of cohesion and semantics. In D. S. McNamara and G. Trafton (Eds.), Proceedings of the 29th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, (Nashville, Tennessee, August 1--4, 2007) Cognitive Science Society, Austin, TX, 233--238."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"McNamara D. S. Graesser A. C. and Louwerse M. M. 2012. Sources of text difficulty: Across genres and grades. In J. P. Sabatini E. Albro and T. O'Reilly (Eds.) Measuring up: Advances in how we assess reading ability. R&L Education Lanham MD 89--116.  McNamara D. S. Graesser A. C. and Louwerse M. M. 2012. Sources of text difficulty: Across genres and grades. In J. P. Sabatini E. Albro and T. O'Reilly (Eds.) Measuring up: Advances in how we assess reading ability. R&L Education Lanham MD 89--116."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X11413260"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Variation across speech and writing","author":"Biber D.","unstructured":"Biber , D. 1988. Variation across speech and writing . Cambridge, England : Cambridge University Press . Biber, D. 1988. Variation across speech and writing. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.114.3.357"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shannon C. E. 1951. Prediction and entropy of printed English. Bell system technical journal 30(1) (1951) 50--64.  Shannon C. E. 1951. Prediction and entropy of printed English. Bell system technical journal 30 (1) (1951) 50--64.","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1951.tb01366.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mar.20272"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grossman E. R. F. W. 1953. Entropy and choice time: The effect of frequency unbalance on choice-response. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 5(2) (1953) 41--51.  Grossman E. R. F. W. 1953. Entropy and choice time: The effect of frequency unbalance on choice-response. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 5 (2) (1953) 41--51.","DOI":"10.1080\/17470215308416625"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snow E. L. Jackson G. T. and McNamara D. S. 2014. Emergent behaviors in computer-based learning environments: Computational signals of catching up. Computers in Human Behavior 41 (2014) 62--70.  Snow E. L. Jackson G. T. and McNamara D. S. 2014. Emergent behaviors in computer-based learning environments: Computational signals of catching up. Computers in Human Behavior 41 (2014) 62--70.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.09.011"}],"event":{"name":"LAK '15: the 5th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference","location":"Poughkeepsie New York","acronym":"LAK '15"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Learning Analytics And Knowledge"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2723576.2723592","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2723576.2723592","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T06:16:26Z","timestamp":1750227386000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2723576.2723592"}},"subtitle":["detecting writing flexibility across time"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,16]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2723576.2723592","10.1145\/2723576"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2723576.2723592","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-03-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}