{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T13:54:04Z","timestamp":1760709244504,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,29]],"date-time":"2016-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1482969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Basic Science Research Program and the Original Technology Research Program for Brain Science through the National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004085","name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2010-0012876 and 2010-0018948"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2010-0012876 and 2010-0018948"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004085","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Comput. Entertain."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>StarCraft is a well-known real-time strategy game developed by Blizzard Entertainment in 1998. One of the characteristics of this game is \u201cfog of war,\u201d which refers to the fact that players cannot see their opponents' regions but only their own unit. This characteristic of the game means that the information required in order to predicting the opponent's strategy is only available through \u201cscouting.\u201d Although the \u201cfog of war\u201d is one of the most important features of the game, it has not been deeply understood in the design of artificial intelligence. In this work, we propose to investigate the effect of the \u201cfog of war\u201d in the prediction of opponent's strategy using machine learning for human players and artificial intelligence (AI) bots. To realize this analysis, we develop a customized replay analyzer that exports the internal game events with\/without the fog of war. In the experimental results, we collect replays from various sources: human vs. human, human vs. AI bots, and AI bots vs. AI bots. This systematic analysis with \u201cfog of war\u201d reveals the predictability of the machine-learning algorithms on different conditions and the directions for designing new artificial intelligence for the game.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2735384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]],"date-time":"2017-02-01T17:15:10Z","timestamp":1485969310000},"page":"1-16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Investigation of the Effect of \u201cFog of War\u201d in the Prediction of StarCraft Strategy Using Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hochul","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sejong University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyunsoo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sejong University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang-Yeun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sejong University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyung-Joong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sejong University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00153759"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"M. Brent. 1995. Instance-Based Learning: Nearest Neighbour with Generalisation. Master's Thesis University of Waikato Hamilton New Zealand.  M. Brent. 1995. Instance-Based Learning: Nearest Neighbour with Generalisation. Master's Thesis University of Waikato Hamilton New Zealand."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aimag.v33i3.2419"},{"volume-title":"AIIDE Workshop on Artificial Intelligence in Adversarial Real-Time Games, 2--7.","author":"Churchill D.","key":"e_1_2_1_5_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"IEEE CIG StarCraft AI Comeptition. 2011. Homepage. Retrieved from http:\/\/ls11-www.cs.uni-dortmund.de\/rts-competition\/starcraft-cig2011\/.  IEEE CIG StarCraft AI Comeptition. 2011. Homepage. Retrieved from http:\/\/ls11-www.cs.uni-dortmund.de\/rts-competition\/starcraft-cig2011\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"IEEE CIG StarCraft AI Comeptition. 2012. Homepage. Retrieved from http:\/\/ls11-www.cs.uni-dortmund.de\/rts-competition\/starcraft-cig2012\/.  IEEE CIG StarCraft AI Comeptition. 2012. Homepage. Retrieved from http:\/\/ls11-www.cs.uni-dortmund.de\/rts-competition\/starcraft-cig2012\/."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment Conference. 20--25","author":"Dereszynski E.","key":"e_1_2_1_8_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Internet. 489--494","author":"Kim K. J.","key":"e_1_2_1_9_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Workshop on Plan, Activity, and Intent Recognition, 29--36","author":"Kabanza F.","key":"e_1_2_1_10_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCI.2011.2177029"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-16066-0_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2008.4634237"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Lord Martin's Replay Browser. 2012.  Lord Martin's Replay Browser. 2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2425296.2425298"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"AIIDE StarCraft AI Competition. 2010. Homepage. Retrieved from http:\/\/eis.ucsc.edu\/StarCraftAICompetition\/.  AIIDE StarCraft AI Competition. 2010. Homepage. Retrieved from http:\/\/eis.ucsc.edu\/StarCraftAICompetition\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CIG.2011.6032006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CIG.2011.6032018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CIG.2009.5286483"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning Workshop on CBR for Computer Games. 15--24","author":"Weber B. G.","key":"e_1_2_1_20_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Fall Symposium on Advances in Cognitive Systems. 329--336","author":"Weber B. G.","key":"e_1_2_1_21_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques","author":"Witten I. H.","year":"2011","edition":"3"}],"container-title":["Computers in Entertainment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2735384","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2735384","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T06:17:02Z","timestamp":1750227422000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2735384"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,29]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,29]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2735384"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2735384","relation":{},"ISSN":["1544-3574"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1544-3574"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-03-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-07-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-12-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}